14-Solutions and Their Physical Properties .pdf

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1、Chemistry140Fall2002Chapter14:SolutionsandTheirPhysicalPropertiesContents14-1TypesofSolutions:SomeTerminology14-2SolutionConcentration自学14-3IntermolecularForcesandtheSolutionProcess14-4SolutionFormationandEquilibrium14-5SolubilitiesofGases14-6VaporPressureofSolutions14-7OsmoticPres

2、sure14-8Freezing-PointDepressionandBoiling-PointElevationofNonelectrolytesolutions.14-9SolutionsofElectrolytes14-10ColloidalMixturesPrentice-Hall©2002GeneralChemistry:Chapter14Slide2of611Chemistry140Fall200214-1TypesofSolution:SomeTerminology•Solutionsarehomogeneous(均匀的)mixtures.–U

3、niformthroughout.•Solvent(溶剂).–Determinesthestateofmatterinwhichthesolutionexists.–Isthelargestcomponent.•Solute(溶质).–Othersolutioncomponentssaidtobedissolvedinthesolution.Prentice-Hall©2002GeneralChemistry:Chapter14Slide3of61Table14.1SomeCommonSolutionsPrentice-Hall©2002GeneralChe

4、mistry:Chapter14Slide4of612Chemistry140Fall200214-2SolutionConcentration.•Masspercent.(质量百分浓度)(m/m)•Volumepercent.(体积百分浓度)(v/v)•Mass/volumepercent.(质量/体积百分浓度)(m/v)Isotonicsaline(生理盐水)ispreparedbydissolving0.9gofNaClin100mLofwaterandissaidtobe:0.9%NaCl(mass/volume)Prentice-Hall©2002

5、GeneralChemistry:Chapter14Slide5of6110%EthanolSolution(v/v)Prentice-Hall©2002GeneralChemistry:Chapter14Slide6of613Chemistry140Fall2002ppm,ppbandppt•Verylowsoluteconcentrationsareexpressedas:ppm:partspermillion(µg/g,mg/L)ppb:partsperbillion（十亿）(ng/g,µg/L)ppt:partspertrillion（万亿）(pg/

6、g,ng/L)notethat1.0L×1.0g/mL=1000gppm,ppb,andpptareproperlym/morv/v.Prentice-Hall©2002GeneralChemistry:Chapter14Slide7of61MoleFractionandMolePercent（摩尔分数和摩尔百分数）MoleFractionχAmountofcomponenti(inmoles)χ=Totalamountofallcomponents(inmoles)χ1+χ2+χ3+…χn=1MolePercentMole%i=χi×100%Prentic

7、e-Hall©2002GeneralChemistry:Chapter14Slide8of614Chemistry140Fall2002MolarityandMolality体积摩尔浓度、质量摩尔浓度Molarity(体积摩尔浓度)Amountofsolute(inmoles)Molarity(M)=Volumeofsolution(inliters)Molality(质量摩尔浓度)：Amountofsolute(inmoles)Molality(m)=Massofsolvent(inkilograms)Prentice-Hall©2002GeneralCh

8、emistry:Chapter14Slide9of6