农村土地【外文翻译】

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1、本科毕业设计（论文）外文翻译原文：RURALANDURBANLANDDEVELOPMENTANDLANDTENURESYSTEMS:ACOMPARISONBETWEENSOUTHAFRICARURALLANDPriortoindependence,Botswanahadestablishedtraditionalwaysofallocatingandmanagingtriballandanditsresourcesthroughchiefsandcommunities.Soonafterindependence,theauthoritytoallocatetriballand

2、wasshiftedfromthechiefstotheTribalLandBoardswhichwereestablishedbytheTribalLandAct,butthemanagementoftheresourcesremainstheresponsibilityoftheusersandtheircommunities.Accordingtothisact,almost71%oftheavailablelandisadministeredastriballandaccordingtoanintegratedsystemofcustomarylandtenure.A

3、lthoughthetenurialrulesfortriballandhavebeenchangedconsiderablybythisact,itisconsideredaveryinnovativewaytocombineindividuallandtenuresecuritywithtriballand-use.TheLandBoardswereestablishedforaspecifiedtribalterritory,andtookovertheadministrativefunctionsfromchiefsandothertribalauthorities.

4、TitleofthelandvestedintheLandBoards.TheLandBoardswereinitiallyentitledtomakecustomaryandcommonlawgrants,forresidential,grazingorcultivationpurposes,tomembersofthedifferenttribeslivinginthespecifiedterritoriesonly,butsince1993anycitizenofBotswanaisentitledtoapplyfortheserights.LandBoardsmain

5、taintheirownrecordorregistrationsystemandrightsarenotregisteredinthecentraldeedsregistrationsystemofBotswana,apparentlytokeepthemmoreaffordable.TheLandBoardsareentitledtoissuecertificatesofcustomarygrantsorcertificatesofoccupation.Provisionhasbeenmadefortheconversionofthesecertificatesintot

6、itlesregistrableinthedeedsregistryoncedemandarisestodealwiththesecertificatesinthecommerciallendingmarket.Anychangeinright-holdermustbereportedtothelandboardinordertomaintaintheaccuracyoftherecordsystemofthelandboard.Shelterprovisioninruralareashasbeenonindividualsinitiatives.Themostimporta

7、ntprerequisiteforhousingdevelopment,whichisaccesstoland,hasnotreallybeenadisturbingissueduetothefactthatallmaleandfemalecitizensareallocatedtriballandforfree,butinanefforttofacilitateshelterprovisioninruralareas,thegovernmentintendstointroducearuralhousi