枪炮，细菌与钢铁Guns， Germs and Steel.pdf

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1、Diamond,Jared,Guns,GermsandSteel:Ashorthistoryofeverybodyforthelast13,000years.1997myownbookscanspreservedInthisPulitzerPrize-winningbook,JaredDiamondarguesthatbothgeographyandtheenvironmentplayedmajorrolesindeterminingtheshapeofthemodernworld.Thisargumentrunscountertotheusualtheoriesthatciteb

2、iologyasthecrucialfactor.Diamondclaimsthattheculturesthatwerefirstabletodomesticateplantsandanimalswerethenabletodevelopwritingskills,aswellasmakeadvancesinthecreationofgovernment,technology,weaponry,andimmunitytodiseasePrologue:Yali'sQuestion:Theregionallydifferingcoursesofhistory13Ch.1Uptoth

3、eStartingLine:Whathappenedonallthecontinentsbefore11,000B.C.?35Ch.2ANaturalExperimentofHistory:HowgeographymoldedsocietiesonPolynesianislands53Ch.3CollisionatCajamarca:WhytheIncaemperorAtahuallpadidnotcaptureKingCharlesIofSpain67Ch.4FarmerPower:Therootsofguns,germs,andsteel85Ch.5History'sHaves

4、andHave-Nots:Geographicdifferencesintheonsetoffoodproduction93Ch.6ToFarmorNottoFarm:Causesofthespreadoffoodproduction104Ch.7HowtoMakeanAlmond:Theunconsciousdevelopmentofancientcrops114Ch.8ApplesorIndians:Whydidpeoplesofsomeregionsfailtodomesticateplants?131Ch.9Zebras,UnhappyMarriages,andtheAnn

5、aKareninaPrinciple:Whyweremostbigwildmammalspeciesneverdomesticated?157Ch.10SpaciousSkiesandTiltedAxes:Whydidfoodproductionspreadatdifferentratesondifferentcontinents?176Ch.11LethalGiftofLivestock:Theevolutionofgerms195Ch.12BlueprintsandBorrowedLetters:Theevolutionofwriting215Ch.13Necessity'sM

6、other:Theevolutionoftechnology239Ch.14FromEgalitarianismtoKleptocracy:Theevolutionofgovernmentandreligion265Ch.15Yali'sPeople:ThehistoriesofAustraliaandNewGuinea295Ch.16HowChinabecameChinese:ThehistoryofEastAsia322Ch.17SpeedboattoPolynesia:ThehistoryoftheAustronesianexpansion334Ch.18Hemisphere

7、sColliding:ThehistoriesofEurasiaandtheAmericascompared354Ch.19HowAfricabecameBlack:ThehistoryofAfrica376Epilogue:TheFutureofHumanHistoryasaScience403Acknowledgments427FurtherReadings429Credits459Index461PREFACEWHYIsWORLDHISTORYLIKEANONI