Group Theory_ Application to the Physics of Condensed Matter.pdf

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1、GroupTheoryM.S.DresselhausG.DresselhausA.JorioGroupTheoryApplicationtothePhysicsofCondensedMatterWith131Figuresand219Tables123ProfessorDr.MildredS.DresselhausDr.GeneDresselhausMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyRoom13-3005Cambridge,MA,USAE-mail:millie@mgm.mit.edu,gene@mgm.mit.eduProfessorDr

2、.AdoJorioDepartamentodeFísicaUniversidadeFederaldeMinasGeraisCP702–Campus,PampulhaBeloHorizonte,MG,Brazil30.123-970E-mail:adojorio@fisica.ufmg.brISBN978-3-540-32897-1e-ISBN978-3-540-32899-8DOI10.1007/978-3-540-32899-8LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2007922729©2008Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelb

3、ergThisworkissubjecttocopyright.Allrightsarereserved,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialiscon-cerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting,re-productiononmicrofilmorinanyotherway,andstorageindatabanks.Duplicationofthispublicationorpartsther

4、eofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheGermanCopyrightLawofSeptember9,1965,initscurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer.ViolationsareliabletoprosecutionundertheGermanCopyrightLaw.Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,etc.inthispublicationdo

5、esnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.ProductionandTypesetting:LE-TEXJelonek,Schmidt&VöcklerGbR,Leipzig,GermanyCoverdesign:WMXDesignGmbH,Heidelberg,GermanyPrintedonacid-freepaper98765432

6、1springer.comTheauthorsdedicatethisbooktoJohnVanVleckandCharlesKittelPrefaceSymmetrycanbeseenasthemostbasicandimportantconceptinphysics.Momentumconservationisaconsequenceoftranslationalsymmetryofspace.Moregenerally,everyprocessinphysicsisgovernedbyselectionrulesthataretheconsequenceofsymme

7、tryrequirements.Onagivenphysicalsystem,theeigenstatepropertiesandthedegeneracyofeigenvaluesaregovernedbysymmetryconsiderations.Thebeautyandstrengthofgrouptheoryappliedtophysicsresidesinthetransformationofmanycomplexsymmetryoperationsintoaverysimplelinearalgebr