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1、TradeandTributealongtheSilkRoadbeforetheThirdCenturyA.D.Byung-JoonKim*INTRODUCTIONTheSilkRoadtradereferstothelong-distancecommercialroutesthatextendedpastthePamirPlateauandbeyondCentralAsia,aswellasencompassingtheoasesoftheTaklimakandesert.Itisnoteasyt
2、otravelthelengthoftheSilkRoadrouteeventoday;historically,thearduousnessofthejourneyeffectivelyseparatedEastandWestintoworldsoftheirown.Nevertheless,despitethedifficulties,thesetwoworldstradedsubstantialquantitiesofgoods.Importantitemssuchashorsesandcar
3、tsfoundtheirwayintoChinafromtheWestaround3,000yearsago,andthehistoryoftrade1inthewesternpartofthePamirPlateaucanbetracedbackevenfurther.ThefactthatgoodsfromtheWestsuchasgoldandsilverwarewerealso2commoninChinabeforethethirdcenturyB.C.istestimonytothepow
4、erofmerchantstosurmountthegeographicalbarrierstotrade.AlthoughgoodsandcultureshadbeentransferredbetweenEastandWestsincebefore1,000B.C.,theSilkRoadisnotsaidtohavebeenopenedupuntilthesecondhalfofthesecondcenturyB.C.,whenZhangQian(張騫)3madehisjourneytotheW
5、est.Why,wemayask,didittakesolongfortheSilkRoadtradetobecomeestablished?AlookatthetopographyofCentral*HallymUniversity(Gangwon-do,Korea)JournalofCentralEurasianStudies,Volume2(May2011):1–24©2011CenterforCentralEurasianStudies2Byung-JoonKimAsiaindicatest
6、hattheroutecouldnothavechangedbetween1,000B.C.andthetimeZhangQiansetout.WhatwasitaboutZhangQian’sjourneyinparticularthatledtotheopeningupoftheSilkRoad?Aconsiderationofpotentiallyanalogouscasesmayhelpshedsomelightonthis.Forexample,althoughitissaidthatCa
7、iLun(蔡倫)inventedpaperduringtheLaterHanDynasty,archaeologicalexcavationshaveconfirmedthatitwasinventedmuchearlier.ThisdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatthereissomethingwrongwiththeliteraturethatemphasizesCaiLun’srole:rather,hewasdecisiveinspreadingtheuseofpaper
8、,andthuswassetdowninliteratureashavinginventedit.ThesamecouldbetrueofZhangQian.Whilegoodshadlongbeentransportedalongtherouteinsmallerquantities,itwasonlyafterZhangQianthattradebecameintensive.Whatdifference,then,didhiscommissionedjourne
