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1、AmericanJournalofPrimatology71:539–547(2009)RESEARCHARTICLESingingBehaviorandSingingFunctionsofBlack-CrestedGibbons(Nomascusconcolorjingdongensis)atMt.Wuliang,CentralYunnan,China1,2112PENG-FEIFAN,WENXIAO,SHENGHUO,ANDXUE-LONGJIANG1InstituteofEastern-HimalayaBiodiversityResea
2、rch,StateKeyLaboratoryofGeneticResourcesandEvolution,DaliUniversity,Yunnan,China2KunmingInstituteofZoology,ChineseAcademyofSciences,Kunming,Yunnan,ChinaWeuseddataonloudduettedandsolosongscollectedfromonehabituatedpolygynousgroupofblack-crestedgibbons(Nomascusconcolorjingdong
3、ensis)onMt.Wuliang,Yunnan,totestseveralhypothesesaboutthefunctionsofthesesongs.Themajorfunctionsproposedforloudgibbonsongsincluderesourcedefense,matedefense,pairbonding,groupcohesionandmateattraction.Duetboutsaregenerallyinitiatedbyadultmales,whoselectthehighesttreesneartori
4、dgesoronsteepslopesassingingtrees.Suchtreesfacilitatevoicetransmissionandinter-groupcommunication.Singingtreestendedtobelocatednearimportantfoodpatchesandsleepingsites,whichsupportstheresourcedefensehypothesis.Theadultmaleandtwoadultfemalesalwayssanginteractively,alternating
5、malephraseswiththefemalesstereotypedgreatcalls,toproducetheduets,andfemalesrarelyproducedgreatcallsiftheyweremorethan30mfromthemale.Thetwofemalesusuallyproducedgreatcallssynchronouslyduringtheduet,especiallywhentheywereclosetogether.Thesefeaturessupportboththematedefenseandp
6、airbondinghypotheses.Thenumberofgreatcallsandtheirdegreeofsynchronytransmitinformationaboutspatialrelationshipsandpossiblypairbondstrengthtomemberstoneighboringgroupsandfloatinganimals.Duringoraftertheduetbouts,theadultfemalesandjuvenilemovedtowardtotheadultmale;andgroupmembe
7、rsmaintainedaclosespatialrelationship,whichsupportsthegroupcohesionhypothesis.Otherincidentsobservedsuggestamatecompetitionroleforduets.Theadultmalealwayssangwhenthefemalesstartedduettingwiththesubadultmale.Thesubadultmalesangsolobouts,buttheywerenotmorefrequentorlongerthanb
8、outsinitiatedbytheadultmale.Althoughmateattractionisthelikelyfunctionofsuba
