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1、Scientificrevolution1ScientificrevolutionTheScientificRevolutionisaperiodwhennewideasinphysics,astronomy,biology,humananatomy,chemistry,andothersciencesacceleratedatransformationofviewsthathadprevailedstartinginAncientGreeceandcontinuingthroughtheMiddleAges,andlaidthefou
2、ndationofmodernscience.[1]Accordingtomostaccounts,thescientificrevolutionbeganinEuropetowardstheendoftheRenaissanceeraandcontinuedthroughthelate18thcentury,thelaterperiodknownasTheEnlightenment.Itwassparkedbythepublication(1543)oftwoworksthatchangedthecourseofscience:Nic
3、olausCopernicus'sDerevolutionibusorbiumcoelestium(OntheRevolutionsoftheHeavenlySpheres)andAndreasVesalius'sDehumanicorporisfabrica(OntheFabricoftheHumanbody).PhilosopherandhistorianAlexandreKoyrécoinedthetermscientificrevolutionin1939todescribethisepoch.[2]Significanceof
4、therevolutionThescienceofthemiddleageswassignificantinestablishingabaseformodernscience.TheMarxisthistorianandscientistJ.D.Bernalassertedthat"therenaissanceenabledascientificrevolutionwhichletscholarslookattheworldinadifferentlight.Religion,superstition,andfearwerereplac
5、edbyreasonandknowledge".[3]JamesHannamsaysthat,whilemosthistoriansdothinksomethingrevolutionaryhappenedatthistime,that"theterm'scientificrevolution'isanotheroneofthoseprejudicialhistoricallabelsthatexplainnothing.Youcouldcallanycenturyfromthetwelfthtothetwentietharevolut
6、ioninscience"andthattheconcept"doesnothingmorethanreinforcetheerrorthatbeforeCopernicusnothingofanysignificancetosciencetookplace".[4]Despitesomechallengestoreligiousviews,however,manynotablefiguresofthescientificrevolution—includingNicolausCopernicus,JohannesKepler,Tych
7、oBrahe,IsaacNewton,andGalileoGalilei—remaineddevoutintheirfaith.Thisperiodsawafundamentaltransformationinscientificideasacrossphysics,astronomy,andbiology,ininstitutionssupportingscientificinvestigation,andinthemorewidelyheldpictureoftheuniverse.Peoplequestionedallmanner
8、softhingsandthisinpartledtothescientificrevolution,whichinturnheavilyshapedmodernsciences.Thescientific
