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1、ASTRONOMYANDASTROPHYSICSLIBRARYSeriesEditors:G.Borner,Garching,Germany¨A.Burkert,M¨unchen,GermanyW.B.Burton,Charlottesville,VA,USAandLeiden,TheNetherlandsA.Coustenis,Meudon,FranceM.A.Dopita,Canberra,AustraliaB.Leibundgut,Garching,GermanyA.Maeder,Sauverny,Switzer
2、landP.Schneider,Bonn,GermanyV.Trimble,CollegePark,MD,andIrvine,CA,USAForfurthervolumes:http://www.springer.com/series/848•FrancescaMatteucciChemicalEvolutionofGalaxies123FrancescaMatteucciUniversitadiTrieste`Dipto.FisicaViaG.B.Tiepolo1134131TriesteItalymatteucc@
3、oats.inaf.itISSN0941-7834ISBN978-3-642-22490-4e-ISBN978-3-642-22491-1DOI10.1007/978-3-642-22491-1SpringerHeidelbergDordrechtLondonNewYorkLibraryofCongressControlNumber:2011942161cSpringer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2012Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.Allrightsarereserv
4、ed,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmorinanyotherway,andstorageindatabanks.Duplicationofthispublicationorpartsthereofispermittedonlyundert
5、heprovisionsoftheGermanCopyrightLawofSeptember9,1965,initscurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer.ViolationsareliabletoprosecutionundertheGermanCopyrightLaw.Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,etc.inthispublicati
6、ondoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.Coverfigure:GalaxiesofdifferentmorphologicaltypeCredit:AustralianAstronomicalObservatory/DavidMalinImagesPrintedonaci
7、d-freepaperSpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com)Tothemostimportantwomenofmylife:MariaFrancescaandRaffaella•PrefaceThisbookdealswiththechemicalevolutionofgalaxies.ThetermchemicalevolutionisimmediatelyassociatedwithBeatriceTinsley,whogrea
8、tlycontributedtothisimportantastrophysicalfield.SimultaneouslywithR.J.Jr.TalbotandD.W.Arnett,shedevelopedaformalismthatallowedustoexploregalaxyevolutionfromthepointofv