Building a science of cities.pdf

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1、Cities29(2012)S9–S16ContentslistsavailableatSciVerseScienceDirectCitiesjournalhomepage:www.elsevier.com/locate/citiesBuildingascienceofcitiesMichaelBatty⇑CentreforAdvancedSpatialAnalysis(CASA),UniversityCollegeLondon(UCL),90TottenhamCourtRoad,LondonWIT4TJ,UKarticleinfoabstractArticlehistory:

2、Ourunderstandingofcitiesisbeingtransformedbynewapproachesfromthecomplexitysciences(Batty,Availableonline16December20112005).Herewereviewprogress,sketchingthebackgroundbeginningwiththesystemsapproachwhichtreatedsystemsasbeingorganisedfromthetopdowntothatwhichnowdominateswheresystemsareKeyword

3、s:treatedasevolvingfromthebottomup.Theswitchinthinkingwedescribeisbestpicturedinthetran-Complexitysitionfromthinkingof‘citiesasmachines’to‘citiesasorganisms’.WefirstreviewdevelopmentsintheScalingdynamicsofcitieswherethenotionofequilibriumhasbeenreplacedbyaveritablepotpourriofdifferentEmergenc

4、etypessuchaschaos,catastrophes,andbifurcations.WethenlookatpatternsandprocessesthatgiveriseFractalstomorphologiesthatillustratefractalpatternsandself-similarity.Wefollowthiswithideasaboutnet-NetworksEvolutionworksandinteractionsthatsustaincitiesthroughtheirtransportandthenweshowhowsuchproces

5、sesRank-sizeofmovementandmobilitycangiverisetothediffusionandsegregationofdifferentspatialactivities.InAllometryallthesedevelopments,ideasaboutscalingthatrelatesize,shapeandscaleinspaceandtimeareevidentGravitationandwethussketchthreescalinglawsbasedonrank-size,allometryandgravitationthatarec

6、entraltooursynthesisofhowspatialprocessesgiverisetophysicalmorphologies.Weconcludewithnotionsabouthowtheseideasarebeingembeddedintomodelsthathavepotentialapplicationstoinformpolicy.Ó2011ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.Introductionsciencesofcomplexitywhichhaschangedthedirectionofsystemstheoryfr

7、omtopdowntobottomupisonethattreatssuchsystemsAScienceofCitieshastakenalongtimecomingbutthereisnowasopen,basedmoreontheproductofevolutionaryprocessesthanconsiderablemomentumindevelopingformalideasabouthowoneofgranddesign(Portugali,2000).Duringthelas