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1、FerdinanddeSaussure-WhySaussure?RussianPragueSaussureFormalistsSchoolStructuralismStructuralist…•Anthropology•Sociology•Psychology•Politics•ArtCriticism•FilmTheory•FashionTheory•LiteraryTheoryStructuralistApproachesWhenyouanalyseculturalphenomenathatareproductiveofmeaning–myths,paint
2、ings,films,novels–treatthemastheproductsofalanguage-likesystem.OK,butifwe’regoingtodothat,weneedtoknowmoreaboutwhatalanguageis.Andthat’swhySaussureandhiswork,theCourseinGeneralLinguistics,issoimportant.ABitofBackgroundTounderstandlanguagediachronically(throughtime),wefirstneedtounder
3、standitsynchronically(ataparticularpointintime).Wewouldbeabletoexplainhowlanguageschangeifwehadabetterideaofwhatexactlylanguageswere.Alanguageisasystemofsigns.LinguisticSignssignified(signifié)signifier(signifiant)Andbyanalogy…?signified(signifié)signifier(signifiant)Theconnectionbet
4、weensignifierandsignifiedisgenerallyARBITARY.Signsaredefinedagainstothersignsinthesystem.Or,toputitanotherway,theyarenegativelydefined.AtthelevelofthesignifiedThisiseasy….Define‘cup’.“Asmallopencontainer,usuallywithaflatbottomandahandle,usedfordrinking.”Atthelevelofthesignifiedmugcup
5、beakerglasstumblerAndbyanalogyu_can_trust_meansweredthinksofsucide,hatestheirlives,ThursdayMarch22006,8:41pm:cantstandtobearoundpeople,apersonwhoisreallyintouchtheyarereallydepreesedwiththeiremotions,theylistentoscreammusic,tahttalksabouttheirproblems,[they]puttheirthosearemydef.tome
6、theyareemotionsintheopenwithoutreallydiferenttellingpeople.AtthelevelofthesignifierEnglishItalianbeatmibitbetmeAndbyanalogySyntagmatic&ParadigmaticCombinations–‘xandy’Contrasts–‘xory’Suit+bowlerhat+umbrellabowlerortophatorflatcapInliterature?Structuralistanalysisstartsfromthepremiset
7、hatlanguage-likesystemsunderlietheproductionoftextualmeaning.Thismeansthatyouarelookingformeaninggeneratedoutofcontrastandthroughthecombination/substitutionofcontrastiveelements.AGrammaroftheTempest?Humanv.MonsterMagicalv.Non-MagicalMalev.FemaleHighStatusv.LowStatusTheGrammarinAction
8、Male,non-hum
