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1、CulturalMarxismandCulturalStudiesDouglasKellner(http://www.gseis.ucla.edu/faculty/kellner/)Manydifferentversionsofculturalstudieshaveemergedinthepastdecades.Whileduringitsdramaticperiodofglobalexpansioninthe1980sand1990s,culturalstudieswasoftenidentifiedwiththeapproacht
2、ocultureandsocietydevelopedbytheCentreforContemporaryCulturalStudiesinBirmingham,England,theirsociological,materialist,andpoliticalapproachestoculturehadpredecessorsinanumberofcurrentsthofculturalMarxism.Many20centuryMarxiantheoristsrangingfromGeorgLukacs,AntonioGramsci
3、,ErnstBloch,WalterBenjamin,andT.W.AdornotoFredricJamesonandTerryEagletonemployedtheMarxiantheorytoanalyzeculturalformsinrelationtotheirproduction,theirimbricationswithsocietyandhistory,andtheirimpactandinfluencesonaudiencesandsociallife.TraditionsofculturalMarxismarethu
4、simportanttothetrajectoryofculturalstudiesandtounderstandingitsvarioustypesandformsinthepresentage.TheRiseofCulturalMarxismMarxandEngelsrarelywroteinmuchdetailontheculturalphenomenathattheytendedtomentioninpassing.Marx’snotebookshavesomereferencestothenovelsofEugeneSuea
5、ndpopularmedia,theEnglishandforeignpress,andinhis1857-1858“outlineofpoliticaleconomy,”hereferstoHomer’sworkasexpressingtheinfancyofthehumanspecies,asifculturaltextswereimportantlyrelatedtosocialandhistoricaldevelopment.TheeconomicbaseofsocietyforMarxandEngelsconsistedof
6、theforcesandrelationsofproductioninwhichcultureandideologyareconstructedtohelpsecurethedominanceofrulingsocialgroups.Thisinfluential"base/superstructure"modelconsiderstheeconomythebase,orfoundation,ofsociety,andcultural,legal,political,andadditionalformsoflifeareconceiv
7、edas“superstructures"whichgrowoutofandservetoreproducetheeconomicbase.Ingeneral,foraMarxianapproach,culturalformsalwaysemergeinspecifichistoricalsituations,servingparticularsocio-economicinterestsandcarryingoutimportantsocialfunctions.ForMarxandEngels,theculturalideasof
8、anepochservetheinterestsoftherulingclass,providingideologiesthatlegitimateclassdomination.“Ideology”isacritica
