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1、TheCommunistManifestobyKarlMarxMANIFESTOOFTHECOMMUNISTPARTY--------------------------------[FromtheEnglisheditionof1888,editedbyFriedrichEngels]AspectreishauntingEurope--thespectreofCommunism.AllthePowersofoldEuropehaveenteredintoaholyalliancetoexorcisethisspectre:PopeandCzar,Mette
2、rnichandGuizot,FrenchRadicalsandGermanpolice-spies.WhereisthepartyinoppositionthathasnotbeendecriedasCommunisticbyitsopponentsinpower?WheretheOppositionthathasnothurledbackthebrandingreproachofCommunism,againstthemoreadvancedoppositionparties,aswellasagainstitsreactionaryadversarie
3、s?Twothingsresultfromthisfact.I.CommunismisalreadyacknowledgedbyallEuropeanPowerstobeitselfaPower.II.ItishightimethatCommunistsshouldopenly,inthefaceofthewholeworld,publishtheirviews,theiraims,theirtendencies,andmeetthisnurserytaleoftheSpectreofCommunismwithaManifestoofthepartyitse
4、lf.Tothisend,CommunistsofvariousnationalitieshaveassembledinLondon,andsketchedthefollowingManifesto,tobepublishedintheEnglish,French,German,Italian,FlemishandDanishlanguages.I.BOURGEOISANDPROLETARIANS第1页共20页http://www.en8848.com.cn/原版英语阅读网Thehistoryofallhithertoexistingsocietiesist
5、hehistoryofclassstruggles.Freemanandslave,patricianandplebeian,lordandserf,guild-masterandjourneyman,inaword,oppressorandoppressed,stoodinconstantoppositiontooneanother,carriedonanuninterrupted,nowhidden,nowopenfight,afightthateachtimeended,eitherinarevolutionaryre-constitutionofso
6、cietyatlarge,orinthecommonruinofthecontendingclasses.Intheearlierepochsofhistory,wefindalmosteverywhereacomplicatedarrangementofsocietyintovariousorders,amanifoldgradationofsocialrank.InancientRomewehavepatricians,knights,plebeians,slaves;intheMiddleAges,feudallords,vassals,guild-m
7、asters,journeymen,apprentices,serfs;inalmostalloftheseclasses,again,subordinategradations.Themodernbourgeoissocietythathassproutedfromtheruinsoffeudalsocietyhasnotdoneawaywithclassantagonisms.Ithasbutestablishednewclasses,newconditionsofoppression,newformsofstruggleinplaceoftheoldo
8、nes.Ourepoch,theepochofthe
