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1、TheCommunistManifestobyKarlMarxandFriedrichEngelsMANIFESTOOFTHECOMMUNISTPARTY--------------------------------[FromtheEnglisheditionof1888,editedbyFriedrichEngels]AspectreishauntingEurope--thespectreofCommunism.AllthePowersofoldEuropehaveenteredintoaholy
2、alliancetoexorcisethisspectre:PopeandCzar,MetternichandGuizot,FrenchRadicalsandGermanpolice-spies.WhereisthepartyinoppositionthathasnotbeendecriedasCommunisticbyitsopponentsinpower?WheretheOppositionthathasnothurledbackthebrandingreproachofCommunism,aga
3、instthemoreadvancedoppositionparties,aswellasagainstitsreactionaryadversaries?Twothingsresultfromthisfact.I.CommunismisalreadyacknowledgedbyallEuropeanPowerstobeitselfaPower.II.ItishightimethatCommunistsshouldopenly,inthefaceofthewholeworld,publishtheir
4、views,theiraims,theirtendencies,andmeetthisnurserytaleoftheSpectreofCommunismwithaManifestoofthepartyitself.Tothisend,CommunistsofvariousnationalitieshaveassembledinLondon,andsketchedthefollowingManifesto,tobepublishedintheEnglish,French,German,Italian,
5、FlemishandDanishlanguages.I.BOURGEOISANDPROLETARIANSThehistoryofallhithertoexistingsocietiesisthehistoryofclassstruggles.Freemanandslave,patricianandplebeian,lordandserf,guild-masterandjourneyman,inaword,oppressorandoppressed,stoodinconstantoppositionto
6、oneanother,carriedonanuninterrupted,nowhidden,nowopenfight,afightthateachtimeended,eitherinarevolutionaryre-constitutionofsocietyatlarge,orinthecommonruinofthecontendingclasses.Intheearlierepochsofhistory,wefindalmosteverywhereacomplicatedarrangementofs
7、ocietyintovariousorders,amanifoldgradationofsocialrank.InancientRomewehavepatricians,knights,plebeians,slaves;intheMiddleAges,feudallords,vassals,guild-masters,journeymen,apprentices,serfs;inalmostalloftheseclasses,again,subordinategradations.Themodernb
8、ourgeoissocietythathassproutedfromtheruinsoffeudalsocietyhasnotdoneawaywithclassantagonisms.Ithasbutestablishednewclasses,newconditionsofoppression,newformsofstruggleinplaceoftheoldones.Ourepoch,theepochofthebourgeoisie,possesses
