合作原则与礼貌原则

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1、Title:HowareCooperativePrincipleandPolitenessPrinciplesimilaranddifferent?两项原则是TwoPrinciples:Pragmaticsisacomparativelynewbranchofstudyintheareaoflinguistics.Ageneraldefinitionisthatitisthestudyofhowspeakersofalanguageusesentencestoeffectsuccessfulcommunication.Itdealsw

2、ithhowutteranceshavemeaningsinsituations.Studyingpragmaticsisveryimportant.Itenablesustounderstandwhatthenatureoflanguageitselfisandhowlanguageisusedincommunication.Inordertocreateaneffectiveconversation,peopledofollowsomeprinciplesduringtheirconversation.Asfollows:a.J.

3、Austin:SpeechActTheory（言语行为理论）b.P.Grice:CooperativePrinciple（合作原则）c.G.Leech:PolitenessPrinciple（礼貌原则）d.SperberandWilson:RelevanceTheory（关联理论）AndtheCooperativePrinciple(CP)andPolitenessPrinciple(PP)areamongthosemostfamiliarones.哲学家对语言的兴趣源于他们对语言逻辑的研究。他们发现严密的形式逻辑不能完全结实自然语言

4、，自然语言似乎具有它自己不合乎形式逻辑的“逻辑”：合作原则是什么：TheCooperativePrinciple(CP)Weknowthatquiteoftenaspeakercanmeanalotmorethanwhatissaid.Theproblemistoexplainhowthespeakercanmanagetoconveymorethanwhatissaidandhowthehearercanarriveatthespeaker’smeaning.H.P.Gricebelievesthattheremustbesomem

5、echanismsgoverningtheproductioncomprehensionoftheseutterances.Hesuggeststhatthereisasetofassumptionsguidingtheconductofconversation.ThisiswhathecallstheCooperativePrinciple(CP).TheCPmeansthatweshouldsaywhatistrueinaclearandrelevantmanner.Tobemorespecific,therearefourmax

6、imsunderthisgeneralprinciple:ThemaximofquantityThemaximofqualityThemaximofrelationThemaximofmanner为了更有效更成功地完成交流活动，在会话中，人们通常会遵循一些特定的准则。进行对话，参与者必须首先有意愿去合作，否则，会话将难以进行下去。Grice将这个准则叫做合作原则(Cooperative Principle)。指交谈双方在会话中所贯彻的尊重对方、维护友好的原则主要包括四大准则：数量准则、质量准则、关联准则、方式准则。礼貌原则是什么：Th

7、ePolitenessPrinciple(PP)Theprincipleofpolitenesscanexplainthephenomenonofcooperationprinciplefromanotherperspective.CPmaximcanbeviolatedforvariousreasons.Forexample,thespeakerwantstomisleadthehearer,thatis,tolie,orthespeakerdoesnotpossesstheadequateamountofinformationhe

8、isexpectedtoprovide,orthespeakersimplydoesnotwanttogoonwiththeconversation.ThenwecanusePPtoexplain.PPfocuseson