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1、Lingua121(2011)1164–1193ContentslistsavailableatScienceDirectLinguajournalhomepage:www.elsevier.com/locate/lingua§Degreesofnominalization:Clause-likeconstituentsinSakhaMarkC.BakerDepartmentofLinguistics,RutgersUniversity,18SeminaryPlace,NewBrunswick,NJ08901,UnitedStatesARTICLEINFOABSTRACTAr
2、ticlehistory:ThisarticleinvestigatesaspectsofcomplementationintheTurkiclanguageSakha(Yakut).Received17October2009Someembeddedclausesinthislanguageseem‘‘morenominalized’’thanothers.InReceivedinrevisedform2September2010particular,Icomparethesyntaxofclausesbuiltaroundaparticipialverbtothesynta
3、xofAccepted20January2011finiteclausesandgerundivenominals.Participialclausespatternwith‘‘lessnominal’’finiteclauseswithrespecttothedistributionofnegativepolarityitems,inallowingscrambling,inKeywords:allowingraisingtoobject,andintheabilitytofunctionasindirectquestions.Incontrast,theySakhapatte
4、rnwith‘‘morenominal’’gerundivenominalsindetailsoftheirexternaldistribution,inTurkiclanguagesNominalizationbeingactiveforcaseassignment,andinbeingislandsforextractioninrelativeclauses.ComplementationFinally,participialclausesaredifferentfrombothfiniteclausesandgerundivenominalsinParticiplesbe
5、ingabletoenterintorelationsofobligatorycontrol.IshowthatthisrathercomplexGerundspatterncanbederivedfromasimpledifferenceastowhichheadinaminimallyelaboratedclausestructureisnominalineachconstruction—‘‘nominal’’beingunderstoodasacategorywithareferentialindexbutnospecifier.Theinvestigationleads
6、toarefinementofmyReference-PredicationConstraint,whichdividesupintotwomorespecificconditions.ß2011ElsevierB.V.Allrightsreserved.1.BackgroundThegenerativetheoryofcategoriesischaracteristicallydiscrete.Somethingisanoun,oritisnot.Ithasthebinaryfeaturevalue+N,oritdoesnot.Thisisespeciallytruewithi
7、nthecategorytheoryofBaker(2003),wherethefeature+V,characteristicofverbs,isunderstoodastheabilitytolicenseaspecifier,whilethefeature+N,characteristicofnouns,istakentobetheabilitytobearareferentialindex.Eitheracategoryhasareferentialindex,oritdoesnot;either
