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1、Chapter8.TeamsandProject-andProgram-BasedOrganizations1ByJonOlsonandKristiM.BranchScienceandtechnologyproducingorganizationsdifferfrommanyothertypesoforganizationsintheirdependenceontheprojectastheprimaryunitofproductionandonprogramsasaprincipalorganizingstructure.Contr
2、arytomostorganizations,whichhaveattemptedtoreduceproductiontostandardizedprocesses,andwherepossible,automation,scienceandtechnologyproducingorganizationsstriveforjusttheopposite--projectsandprogramsthatemploynewprocesses,newcombinationsofcapabilities,andcreativeapproach
3、estogeneratenewknowledge.Thisisnottosaythatproject-basedorganizationsdonotstrivetodevelopandutilizerepeatableprojectmanagementprocessesandproceduresortoimplementintegratingprocessestoassureefficiency,accountability,andquality,butratherthattheircoreproductionworkisnotrou
4、tine.“Projectsarethecorebusinessofresearchorganizations”(Newfeldetal.2001:49).Goodprojectplanningandexecutionisessentialtoexcellentscience(Jordanetal.1999).High-performanceteamscanproduceextraordinarilysuccessfulprojects(BennisandBiederman1997),butineffectiveprojectmana
5、gementoftencreatesasignificantbarriertosuccessfulinnovation(JonashandSommerlatte1999).However,asMohrmanetal.(1995:xv)pointout,itisincreasinglyclearthat“theeffectivenessofteamscannotbeunderstoodapartfromtheorganizationalcontextinwhichtheyareembedded.”Project-basedorganiz
6、ationsfaceuniqueproblemsofcoordinationandstrategicdirection,astheteamscomposedtocarryouttheessentialworkoftheorganizationareunusuallyindependentandoutwardlyoriented.Thisisespeciallytrueofproject-basedorganizationsstaffedbyscientistsandotherprofessionals(Quinnetal.1997:5
7、07).Althoughafewotherindustriesshareadependenceonproject-basedproduction(e.g.,construction,civilengineering),mostmanufacturing,service,andgovernmentorganizationsdonot.Consequently,mostoftheorganizationalliteratureisfocusedonnon-project-basedorganizations,withtheresultth
8、atsomewhatlessisknownabouthowbesttodesign,manage,andleadproject-andprogram-basedorganizations(Gelèsetal.2000).
