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1、TheInternetandothernetworks:UtilizationratesandtheirimplicationsAndrewOdlyzkoAT&TLabs-Researchamo@research.att.comSeptember12,1998.Abstract.Costsofcommunicationsnetworksaredeterminedbythemaximalcapacitiesofthosenetworks.Ontheotherhand,thetrafficthosenetworkscarrydependsonhowheavilythosenet
2、worksareused.Henceutilizationratesandutilizationpatternsdeterminethecostsofprovidingservices,andthereforearecrucialinunderstandingtheeconomicsofcommunicationsnetworks.AcomparisonofutilizationratesandcostsofvariousnetworkshelpsdisprovemanypopularmythsabouttheInternet.Althoughpacketnetworks
3、areoftenextolledfortheefficiencyoftheirtransport,itoftencostsmoretosenddataoverinternalcorporatenetworksthanusingmodemsontheswitchedvoicenetwork.Packetnetworksaregrowingexplosivelynotbecausetheyutilizeunderlyingtransportcapacitymoreefficiently,butbecausetheyprovidemuchgreaterflexibilityinoff
4、eringnewservices.StudyofutilizationpatternsshowstherearelargeopportunitiesforincreasingtheefficiencyofdatatransportandmakingtheInternetlessexpensiveandmoreuseful.Ontheotherhand,manypopulartechniques,suchassomeQualityofServicemeasuresandATM,arelikelytobeoflimitedusefulness.1.IntroductionAne
5、xtensivestudyofdatanetworksisdocumentedin[CoffmanO,FishburnO,Odlyzko2,Odlyzko3,Odlyzko4].Thispaperpresentsonlyabriefsummaryoftheresultsofthatstudy,andconcentratesontheirimplicationsforpresentandfuturedatanetworks.Utilizationratesofnetworkshavebeenstrangelyabsentfrommostpapersontheeconomic
6、softheInternet,suchasthosein[MacKieM,McKnightB,Varian].However,theseratesdeterminecostsofservices,sincetransmissionlinksarepricedbytheirmaximalcapacity.Furthermore,utilizationratesaretheprimarymeansbywhichnetworkmanagersdeterminequalityoftransmission.Thereforeitseemedimportanttoconsidercu
7、rrentutilizationratesontheInternetandtheresultingcosts.Suchastudywascarriedoutin[Odlyzko2,Odlyzko4].Ituncoveredanumberofsurprisingresults.Forexample,corporationsintheU.S.spendmoretotransmitlargefilesovertheirpacketnetworksthantheywouldiftheyusedmodemsovertheswitchedv
