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1、6INTEGRATINGCELLSINTOTISSUESModelofinflammatoryboweldiseaseinwhichculturedflatcolonicsmoothmusclecellswereinducedtosecretecablesofhyaluronan(green)thatbindtospheroidalmononuclearleukocytesviatheirCD44receptors(red).Nucleiarestainedblue.[CourtesyofC.delaMotteetal.,LernerResearch
2、Institute.]nthedevelopmentofcomplexmulticellularorganismsmaterial,energy,andtimeduringthedevelopmentofanin-suchasplantsandanimals,progenitorcellsdifferentiatedividualorganism.Althoughthephysiologicalcostsofcom-Iintodistinct“types”thathavecharacteristiccomposi-plextissuesandorga
3、nsarehigh,theyprovideorganismstions,structures,andfunctions.Cellsofagiventypeoftenwiththeabilitytothriveinvariedandvariableenviron-aggregateintoatissuetocooperativelyperformacommonments,amajorevolutionaryadvantage.function:musclecontracts;nervoustissuesconductelectricalThecompl
4、exanddiversemorphologiesofplantsandimpulses;xylemtissueinplantstransportswater.Differentanimalsareexamplesofthewholebeinggreaterthanthetissuescanbeorganizedintoanorgan,againtoperformonesumoftheindividualparts,moretechnicallydescribedastheormorespecificfunctions.Forinstance,them
5、uscles,valves,emergentpropertiesofacomplexsystem.Forexample,theandbloodvesselsofaheartworktogethertopumpbloodroot-stem-leaforganizationofplantspermitsthemtosimul-throughthebody.Thecoordinatedfunctioningofmanytaneouslyobtainenergy(sunlight)andcarbon(CO2)fromtypesofcellswithintis
6、sues,aswellasofmultiplespecial-izedtissues,permitstheorganismasawholetomove,me-tabolize,reproduce,andcarryoutotheressentialactivities.TheadultformoftheroundwormCaenorhabditiselegansOUTLINEcontainsamere959cells,yetthesecellsfallinto12differentgeneralcelltypesandmanydistinctsubty
7、pes.Vertebrates6.1Cell–CellandCell–MatrixAdhesion:havehundredsofdifferentcelltypes,includingleukocytesAnOverview(whitebloodcells),erythrocytes,andmacrophagesinthe6.2SheetlikeEpithelialTissues:Junctionsblood;photoreceptorsintheretina;adipocytesthatstorefat;andAdhesionMoleculesse
8、cretoryandcellsinthepancreas;fibroblastsinconnec-tiv
