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1、ConstitutiveModelingforMetalsF.Barlat1,21AlloyTechnologyandMaterialsResearchDivision,AlcoaInc.,AlcoaTechnicalCenter,100TechnicalDrive,AlcoaCenter,PA15069-0001,USA,frederic.barlat@alcoa.com2CenterforMechanicalEngineeringandAutomation,UniversityofAveiro,CampusUniversitariodeSantiago,P-3810Aveiro,Por
2、tugal,fbarlat@mec.ua.ptSummary.Thispaperreviewsaspectsoftheplasticbehaviorcommoninmetalsandalloys.Macroscopicandmicroscopicphenomenaoccurringduringplasticdefor-mationaredescribedsuccinctly.Constitutivemodelsofplasticityatthemicro-andmacro-scales,suitableforapplicationstoforming,arediscussedinavery
3、broadfashion.Approachestoplasticanisotropyarereviewedinamoredetailedmanner.Keywords:alloy,anisotropy,constitutivemodel,forming,metal,micro-structure,plasticity.1IntroductionThelifeofaproductfollowsthetypicalchronologicalorder:materialprocess-ing,productmanufacturing,productservice,failure,disposal
4、orrecycling.Aproductisafunctionalshapemadeofoneormorematerials,whichresultsinagivensetofpropertiesandcompliestospecifications.Thematerialselec-tionprocesscanbebasedonthedesignerexperienceoronamoreanalyticalandcomprehensiveapproachusingdatabasesandoptimizationmethods(seeBrechetinLemaitre,2001).Today
5、,withadvancedcomputerhardwareandsoftware,itispossibletomodelmaterialprocessing,productmanufacturing,productperformanceinservice,andfailure.Materialdesignissomewhatmoreempiricalbutnewana-lyticalmethodsareemergingforthispurpose(Raabeetal.,2004).Althoughthefine-tuningofaproductmanufacturingandperforma
6、nceisempirical,modelingcanbeanefficienttooltoguideandoptimizedesign,toevaluatematerialattributes,andtopredictlifetimeandfailure.Moreover,model-ingcanbeusedasaresearchtoolforamorefundamentalunderstandingofphysicalphenomenathatcanresultinthedevelopmentofimprovedornewproducts.Inanycase,aconstitutivemod
7、el,amathematicaldescriptionofamaterialbehavior,isneeded.Withmorethan80000engineeredmaterials2AdvancedMethodsinMaterialForming(seeBrechetinLemaitre,2001)usedinvariouspossibleenvironmentalcondi-tionsandtemperatures
