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The History of the Guralnik Hagen and Kibble development of the Theory of Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking and Gauge Particles.pdf

The History of the Guralnik Hagen and Kibble development of the Theory of Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking and Gauge Particles.pdf

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时间：2019-03-05

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1、BROWN-HET-1555TheHistoryoftheGuralnik,HagenandKibbledevelopmentoftheTheoryofSpontaneousSymmetryBreakingandGaugeParticlesGeraldS.Guralnik1PhysicsDepartment2.BrownUniversity,Providence—RI.02912AbstractIdiscusshistoricalmaterialaboutthebeginningoftheideasofspontaneoussymme-trybreakingandpartic

2、ularlytheroleoftheGuralnik,HagenKibblepaperinthisdevelopment.Idosoaddingatouchofsomemoremodernideasabouttheextendedsolution-spaceofquantumfieldtheoryresultingfromtheintrinsicnonlinearityofnon-trivialinteractions.Contents1Introduction12Whatwasfront-linetheoreticalparticlephysicslikeintheearly

3、1960s?23Asimplifiedintroductiontothesolutionsandphasesofquantumfieldtheory34ExamplesoftheGoldstonetheorem75Gaugeparticlesandzeromass10arXiv:0907.3466v1[physics.hist-ph]20Jul20096GeneralproofthattheGoldstonetheoremforgaugetheoriesdoesnotrequirephysicalmasslessparticles137Explicitsymmetry-break

4、ingsolutionofscalarQEDinleadingorder,show-ingformationofamassivevectormeson158OurinitialreactionstotheEBandHpapers189ReactionsandthoughtsafterthereleaseoftheGHKpaper211gerry@het.brown.edu2http://www.het.brown.edu/1.Introduction11IntroductionThispaperisanextendedversionofacolloquiumthatIgave

5、atWashingtonUniversityinSt.LouisduringtheFallsemesterof2001.Butforminorchanges,itcorrespondstomyrecentarticleinIJMPA[1].Itcontainsagooddealofhistoricalmaterialaboutthebeginningofthedevelopmentoftheideasofspontaneoussymmetrybreakingaswellasatouchofsomemoremodernideasabouttheextendedsolution-s

6、pace(alsocalledvacuummanifoldormodulispace)ofquantumfieldtheoryduetotheintrinsicnonlinearityofnon-trivialinteractions[2,3].WhileIhaveincludedconsiderabletechnicalcontent,areaderinterestedonlyinthehistoricalmaterialshouldbeabletofollowtherelevantcontentbyjustignoringtheequations.Thepaperiswri

7、ttenfromaverypersonalpointofview.ItputsparticularfocusontheworkthatIdidwithRichardHagenandTomKibble(GHK)[4].Ourgroupandtwoothers,Englert-Brout(EB)[5]andHiggs(H)[6,7]workedonwhatisnowknownasthe“Higgs”phenomenon.IdiscusshowIunderstandsymmetrybreaking(aview

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