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1、JournalofComputerAssistedLearning(2000)16,213-228ComputersystemsfordistributedanddistancelearningM.Anderson&D.JacksonDepartmentofComputerScience,UniversityofLiverpoolAbstractNetwork-basedlearningisnowsuchanimportantareathatitwouldseemtimelytoexamineprogresstodateandtodrawconcl
2、usionsregardingthedirectionoffurtherresearch.Thispaperistheresultofasurveyofcomputersystemsfordistributedanddistancelearning,focusingonprojectsthathelptoillustratetheevolutionofthisimportantfield.Anexaminationsuchasthisisimportantinitsownrightasaresourceforotherresearcherswish
3、ingtopursuethesubjectfurther,butthesurveyalsohelpstohighlightsomeofthemajortrendsofpastprojectsandtosuggestsomeofthewaysinwhichprogressmaybemadeinthefuture.Keywords:Campus;Communication;Distance;Groupware;Mediated;Review;TutorialIntroductionThevastincreaseinaccesstocomputersov
4、erthepasttwodecadeshasledtoacorrespondinggrowthintheproductionofsoftwaredesignedforeducationalpurposes.Oneofthemanyadvantagestobeofferedbysuchpackagesovermorestaticmeansofpresentationsuchastextbooksisincreasedinteractivity.Inparticular,automatedfeedbackcandomuchtoguidelearning
5、andtocorrectmentalmodelswhenmisinterpretationsofmaterialoccur(Barker,1994).However,asanumberofcriticshavepointedout:‘Stand-alonemedia-basedpackageswillneverbesufficient,becausenoneofthemediacanadequatelysupportthediscursiveactivitiesthatareessentialforacademiclearning...Givent
6、hatacademicknowledgeisaconsensualdescriptionofexperience,itfollowsthatdiscussionbetweenteachersandstudentsshouldplayaveryimportantpart.’(Laurillard,1993)Inlightofthis,analternativetackhasbeentoresearchintowaysofusingcomputerprogramsnotasreplacementsforhumantutors,butratherassu
7、pporttoolsforaidingtheteachingprocess.Awideandvariedrangeofareasinwhichcomputersandsoftwarecanplaysuchasupportingrolehavebeenidentified,especiallyinthehighereducationsectorandforon-siteAccepted12December1999Correspondence:DavidJackson,DepartmentofComputerScience,UniversityofLi
8、verpool,ChadwickBuilding,PeachStreet,LiverpoolL697ZFE-mail::d