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1、fruitfulquestions1Theothernightatthedinnertable,mythreekids-ages9,6and4-tooktimeoutfromtheirfoodfighttoteachmeaboutparadigmshifts,thelimitationsoflinearthinkingandhowtorefocusparameters.2Here'showithappened:WewereplayingourownoralversionoftheSesameStreetgame,"WhatDoesn'tB
2、elong?,"wherekidslookatthreepicturesandchoosetheonethatdoesn'tfit.Isaid,"OK,whatdoesn'tbelong,anorange,atomatoorastrawberry?"3Theoldestdidn'ttakemorethanasecondtodeliverhissmuganswer:"Tomatobecausetheothertwoarefruits."Iagreedthatthiswastherightanswerdespitethefactthatsom
3、epuristsinsistatomatoisafruit.Tothoseofusforcedaskidstoeattheminsalads,tomatoeswillalwaysbevegetables.Iwasabouttothinkupanothersetofthreewhenmy4-year-oldsaid,"Therightanswerisstrawberrybecausetheothertwoareroundandastrawberryisn't."HowcouldIarguewiththat?4Thenmy6-yearolds
4、aid,"It'stheorangebecausetheothertwoarered."Nottobeoutdonebyhisyoungersiblings,the9-yearoldsaid,"Itcouldalsobetheorangebecausetheothertwogrowonvines."5Themiddleonetookthisasadirectchallenge."Itcouldbethestrawberrybecauseit'stheonlyoneyouputonicecream."1Somethingwasdefinit
5、elyhappeninghere.Itwasmessierthanafoodfightandmuchmoreimportantthanwhetheratomatoisafruitorvegetable.MykidsweredoingwhatCopernicusdidwhenheplacedthesunatthecenteroftheuniverse,readjustingthecenturies-oldparadigmofanEarth-centeredsystem.TheyweredoingwhatReubenMattusdidwhen
6、herenamedhisBronxicecreamHaagen-Dazsandraisedthepricewithoutchangingtheproduct.TheyweredoingwhatEdwardJennerdidwhenhediscoveredavaccinationforsmallpoxbyabandoninghisquestforacure.2Insteadofstudyingpeoplewhoweresickwithsmallpox,hebegantostudypeoplewhowereexposedtoitbutneve
7、rgotsick.Hefoundthatthey'dallcontractedasimilarbutmilderdisease,cowpox,whichvaccinatedthemagainstthedeadlysmallpox.32Theywererefocusingtheparameters.Theywereredefiningtheproblems.Theywerereframingthequestions.Inshort,theyweredoingwhateveryscientistwho'severmadeanimportant
8、discoverythroughouthistoryhasdone,accordingtoThomasKuhn,inhisbook,"TheStructureofScientificRevol
