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1、Researchonanimalintelligencealwaysmakesmewonderjusthowsmarthumansare.Considerthefruit-flyexperimentsdescribedinCarlZimmer'spieceintheScienceTimesonTuesday.Fruitflieswhoweretaughttobesmarterthantheaveragefruitflytendedtoliveshorterlives・Thissuggeststhatdimm
2、erbulbsburnlonger,thatthereisanadvantageinnotbeingtooterrificallybright.Intelligence,itturnsout,isahigh-pricedoption・Ittakesmoreupkeep,burnsmorefuelandisslowoffthestartinglinebecauseitdependsonlearning—agradualprocess—insteadofinstinct.Plentyofotherspecies
3、areabletolearn,andoneofthethingsthey*veapparentlylearnediswhentostop.Isthereanadaptivevaluetolimitedintelligence?That'sthequestionbehindthisnewresearch・Ilikeit.InsteadofcastingawistfulglancebackwardatallthespecieswezveleftinthedustI.Q.-wiseritimplicitlyask
4、swhattherealcostsofourownintelligencemightbe.ThisisonthemindofeveryanimalI’veevermet.Researchonanimalintelligencealsomakesuswonderwhatexperimentsanimalswouldperformonhumansiftheyhadthechance・Everycatwithanowner,forinstance.isrunningasmall-scalestudyinopera
5、ntconditioning・Webelievethat世animalsranthelabs,theywouldtestustodeterminethelimitsofourpatience,ourfaithfulness,ourmemoryforterrain.Theywouldtrytodecidewhatintelligenceinhumansisreallyfor,notmerelyhowmuchofitthereis.Aboveall.theywouldhopetostudyafundamenta
6、lquestion:Arehumansactuallyawareoftheworldtheylivein?Sofartheresultsareinconclusive・Habitsareafunnything・Wereachforthemmindlessly,settingourbrainsonauto-pilotandrelaxingintotheunconsciouscomfortoffamiliarroutine・"Notchoice,buthabitrulestheunreflectingherd/
7、WilliamWordsworthsaidinthe19thcentury.Intheever-changing21stcentury,eventheword"habit"carriesanegativeimplication.Soitseemsantitheticaltotalkabouthabitsinthesamecontextascreativityandinnovation.Butbrainresearchershavediscoveredthatwhenweconsciouslydevelopn
8、ewhabits,wecreateparallelpaths,andevenentirelynewbraincells,thatcanjumpourtrainsofthoughtontonew,innovativetracks・Butdon'tbothertryingtokilloffoldhabits;oncethoserutsofprocedurearewornintothehippocampus,they*
