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1、外文文献翻译译文一、外文原文原文:TheNIHbudgetIntroductionFederalfundingforbiomedicalresearchintheUnitedStateshasfueleddiscoveriesthathaveadvancedourunderstandingofhumandisease,ledtonovelandeffectivediagnostictoolsandtherapies,andmadeourresearchenterpriseaninternationalparagon.Althoughitwasnottheorigi
2、nalintent,thisinvestment,throughtheNationalInstitutesofHealth(NIH),hasalsobecomeanessentialsourceofsupportforacademicmedicalcenters,providingfundsforfacultyandstaffsalaries,operationalexpenses,andevencapitalimprovementsrelatedtoresearchthatcannolongerbesupportedbyclinicalincome.Untila
3、pproximately20yearsago,clinicalincomeoftensubsidizedresearch,butmanagedcare,increasedscrutinyandefficiencyinthemanagementofclinicalexpenses,andreductionsinfederalsupportforteachinghospitalshaverenderedclinicalmarginsinsufficienttosupporttheresearchmission.Althoughsomemayseeinstitution
4、buildingasaninappropriateuseofNIHfunds,aconsistent,productivebiomedicalresearchenterpriserequiresasolidinfrastructure.Ensuringdurablefederalsupportforsuchresearchhasnot,however,beenwithouttribulations.Aswithalllineitemsinthefederalbudget,NIHfundingissubjecttothevicissitudesofthepoliti
5、calprocess,andintermittentperiodsofgrowthhavebeenfollowedbyperiodsofdecline.Somearguethatfundingcyclesrefreshtheresearchenterprise,eliminatingthroughcompetitioninvestigatorswhoseworkisnotofthehighestquality.Thoughnotassanguineabouttheirpurposesorconsequences,theacademicmedicalcommunit
6、yhasacceptedthesecyclesandworkstofindwaystodampentheeffectsofdownturnsonresearchprogramsandinstitutionalstability.RedefinedtheconceptofacomprehensivebudgetmanagementBudgetoriginatedin18thcenturyEngland,firstimplementedingovernmentdepartments,thepurposeismainlyusedtocontroltheking'srig
7、httotax,therebylimitinggovernmentspending.ThenintheU.S.,thebudgethasbeenfurtherdeveloped.Americansmalltownsbythepublicbudgetfortheimplementationofthenationalbudgetsystem,theestablishmentoftheUnitedStatesplayedanimportantrole.Inspiredbythegovernmentbudget.budgetmanagementconceptwhichwa
8、ssubs