工程成本预算 毕业论文外文文献翻译

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1、外文翻译Constructionprojects,privateandpublicalike,havealonghistoryofcostescalation.Transportationprojects,whichtypicallyhavelongleadtimesbetweenplanningandconstruction,arehistoricallyunderestimated,asshownthroughareviewofthecostgrowthexperiencedwiththeHollandTunnel.Approximately50%oft

2、heactivelargetransportationprojectsintheUnitedStateshaveoverruntheirinitialbudgets.Alargenumberofstudiesandresearchprojectshaveidentifiedindividualfactorsthatleadtoincreasedprojectcost.Althoughthefactorsidentifiedcaninfluenceprivatelyfundedprojectstheeffectsareparticularlydetriment

3、altopubliclyfundedprojects.Thepublicfundsavailableforapoolofprojectsarelimitedandthereisabacklogofcriticalinfrastructureneeds.Therefore,ifanyprojectexceedsitsbudgetotherprojectsaredroppedfromtheprogramorthescopeisreducedtoprovidethefundsnecessarytocoverthecostgrowth.Suchactionsexac

4、erbatethedeteriorationofastate’stransportationinfrastructure.Thisstudyisananthologyandcategorizationofindividualcostincreasefactorsthatwereidentifiedthroughanin-depthliteraturereview.Thiscategorizationof18primaryfactorswhichimpactthecostofalltypesofconstructionprojectswasverifiedby

5、interviewswithover20statehighwayagencies.Thesefactorsrepresentdocumentedcausesbehindcostescalationproblems.Engineerswhoaddresstheseescalationfactorswhenassessingfutureprojectcostandwhoseektomitigatetheinfluenceofthesefactorscanimprovetheaccuracyoftheircostestimatesandprogrambudgets

6、HistoricallylargeconstructionprojectshavebeenplaguedbycostandscheduleoverrunsFlyvbjergetal.2002.Intoomanycases,thefinalprojectcosthasbeenhigherthanthecostestimatespreparedandreleasedduringinitialplanning,preliminaryengineering,finaldesign,orevenatthestartofconstruction“Megaprojects

7、needmorestudyupfronttoavoidcostoverruns.”Theramificationsofdifferencesbetweenearlyprojectcostestimatesandbidpricesorthefinalcostofaprojectcanbesignificant.Overthetimespanbetweenprojectinitiationconceptdevelopmentandthecompletionofconstructionmanyfactorsmayinfluencethefinalprojectco

8、sts.Thistimespanisnormally