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1、JohnWinthrop,"AModellofChristianCharity"NewEngland'sPuritansdissentednotonlyfromtheChurchofEngland,butfromEngland'ssocialandpoliticalorderaswell.Seekingalternativestoestablishedinstitutions,theyturnedontheonehandtoScriptureandontheothertotheircommonexperienceforprecedents.Ofthisextraordi
2、narilylearnedandarticulategroup(theMassachusettsBayColonyintheseventeenthcenturyboastedmorecollegegraduatespercapitathanEnglanditself),fewgavemorecarefulthoughttothepurposesofthePuritans'"errandintothewilderness"ortotheproperfoundationsforthecolony'sinstitutionsthan,JohnWinthrop(1588-164
3、9).WinthropwasarepresentativeofthenewgentrythatflourishedundertheTudorregime.Hisgrandfather,AdamWinthrop,wasacountryboywhowenttoLondon,madeafortuneasaclothier,andthenpurchasedamanor(oneofthemanypropertiesseizedbyHenryVIIIfromthechurch).Hisson,alsonamedAdam,trainedasalawyer,butspenthislif
4、efarmingandgoverninghisestateinSuffolk.ThehabitofgoverningotherscamenaturallytoJohnWinthrop.AfterattendingTrinityCollege,Cambridgefortwoyears,hereturnedhome,wherehewasappointedJusticeofthePeaceand,afewyearslater,steward--inwhichcapacityheactedashisfather'schieffinancialandadministrativeo
5、fficer.Despitehisprivilegedposition,JohnWinthrop,likemanyothereducatedEnglishmenoftheperiod,becameincreasinglydisenchantedwithcorruptandoppressiveStuartmonarchy.WhenCharlesIdecidedinthespringof1629torulewithoutparliamentaryconsent,imprisonedPuritanparliamentaryleaders,andbannedPuritansfr
6、omthepracticeoflaw,Winthropdecidedtoemigrate.1WhileenroutetoNewEnglandin1630,onboardtheArabella,Winthropwroteanessayoncharity(whichhepresumablypreachedasasermon)whichsoughttoapplyscripturalvirtuestothepeculiarcircumstancesandchallengesthecolonistswouldfaceincreatingtheirnewsocialandpolit
7、icalorder.AnumberofthemeswhichbecomecentraltoAmericanphilanthropictraditionsarefirstarticulatedhere:1)effortstoreconciletheproblemofspiritualandpoliticalequalitywitheconomicinequality;2)concernsabouttherelationsbetweenthegoodofindividualsandthegoodofthecommunity;3)theconc
