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1、PHYSICSPROJECTMahmoudSaad-Section:3MEDICALAPPLICATIONSOFFIBER-OPTICS:OpticalfiberseesgrowthasmedicalsensorsTheintrinsicphysicalcharacteristicsofopticalfibercombinedwithitsversatilityinremotesensingmakeitanattractivetechnologyforbiomedicalapplications.ALEXISMENDEZWi
2、thaglobalpopulationthat'sbothgrowingandlivinglonger,theworld'shealthcareprovidersareincreasinglylookingtoadvancedbiomedicalinstrumentationtoenablemoreefficientpatientdiagnosis,monitoring,andtreatment.Inthiscontext, biomedicalsensing applicationsofopticalfiberareofg
3、rowingimportance.Atthesametime,recentadvancesinminimallyinvasivesurgery(MIS)demandsmallerdisposablesensingcatheters.Endoscopicimaging applicationsoffiber-opticsarewellestablished,buttheintrinsicphysicalcharacteristicsofopticalfibersalsomakethemextremelyattractivefo
4、rbiomedicalsensing.Uncabledfibers(typicallylessthan250μmdiameter)canbeinserteddirectlyintohypodermicneedlesandcatheters,sothattheirusecanbebothminimallyinvasiveandhighlylocalized—andfiber-opticsensors(FOS)madewiththemcanperformremotemultipointandmultiparametersensi
5、ng.Opticalfibersareimmunetoelectromagneticinterference(EMI),chemicallyinert,nontoxic,andintrinsicallysafe.Theirusewillnotcauseinterferencewiththeconventionalelectronicsfoundinmedicaltheaters.And,mostimportantly,theimmunityoffiberstoelectromagneticandradiofrequency(
6、RF)signalsmakesthemidealforreal-timeuseduringdiagnosticimagingwithMRI,CT,PET,orSPECTsystems,aswellasduringthermalablativetreatmentsinvolvingRFormicrowaveradiation.FIGURE1. Therearetwobasictypesofopticalfibersensors.Extrinsicdevices(a)relayonatransducer,whereasintri
7、nsicdevices(b)donot.Fiber-opticbiomedicalsensorsOpticalfibersensorscomprisealightsource,opticalfiber,externaltransducer,andphotodetector.Theysensebydetectingthemodulationofoneormoreofthepropertiesoflightthatisguidedinsidethefiber—intensity,wavelength,orpolarization
8、,forinstance.Themodulationisproducedinadirectandrepeatablefashionbyanexternalperturbationcausedbythephysicalparametertobemeasured.Themeasurandofi
