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1、JurgenHabermasStructuralTransformationofthePublicSpherehttp://www.sparknotes.com/philosophy/public/Historical,PhilosophicalandBiographicalContextsBiographicalcontextJurgenHabermaswasbornin1929inGermany.HestudiedattheuniversitiesofGottingen,ZurichandBonn,andwroteadoctoralthesisonthephilosophyof
2、Schelling.HisHabilitationsschrift,orpost-doctoralthesis,presentedattheUniversityofMarburg,formedthebasisofTheStructuralTransformationofthePublicSphere.ItwasinitiallyrejectedbytheUniversityofFrankfurt,aftercriticismbythesocialtheoristsMaxHorkheimerandTheodorAdorno.StructuralTransformationwaspub
3、lishedinGermanin1962.HabermasworkedasAdorno'sresearchassistantattheInstituteforSocialResearchinFrankfurt(homeofthethefamous"FrankfurtSchool").HehasbeenaprofessorattheuniversitiesofHeidelburgandFrankfurt,andwasdirectoroftheMaxPlanckinstituteinStarnberguntil1981.HismajorworksincludeTheoryandPrac
4、tice(1963),KnowledgeandHumanInterests(1968),andtheTheoryofCommunicativeaction(1981).HistoricalandphilosophicalcontextSeveralimportantinfluencesonHabermas'sworkareevident.Firstly,heborrowsmanyimportanttermsandcategoriesfromKant,HegelandMarx.Manyofhiswaysofthinkingaboutthepublicsphereareexplicit
5、lyKantian,andhedevelopsHegel'scentralcategoryofcivilsocietyintothebasisfromwhichpublicopinionemerges.Ofthese,Kantisperhapsthegreatestinfluence,simplybecauseforHabermashisworkrepresentsthe"fullydeveloped"theoryofthepublicsphereTheMarxistculturaltheoryoftheFrankfurtSchoolisalsoanimportantinfluen
6、ce,particularlyonthesecondpartoftheStructuralTransformation.TheFrankfurtSchoolwasagroupofphilosopherslinkedtotheInstituteofSocialResearchinFrankfurt,activefromthe1920son.TwoofitsmostfamousnameswereMaxHorkheimerandTheodorAdorno.TheFrankfurtSchooladaptedMarx'stheoriesgreatly,inordertostudymodern
7、cultureandsociety.TheytooktheunorthodoxviewthattheexperienceoftotalitarianismintheSecondWorldWarshowedthatthelowerclasses,orproletariat,hadbecomecorruptedbymassculture.Theycouldnolongeractasarevolutionaryforce.Theirpessimismaboutwhatsoc
