scaling14 - world bank groupscaling14 -世界银行集团

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1、SCALINGUPCOMMMUNITYDRIVENDEVELOPMENTByHansBinswangerAfricaregion,WorldBank.Fordecades,top-downplansanddonor-driveninvestmentprogramshavelittlesuccessinreducingpovertyinlowincomecountries.TheCommunity-drivenDevelopmentapproachistocreateprosperitybyempower

2、ingcommunitiesandlocalgovernments.Economistsnowacceptthatcommunitieshaveconsiderablecapacitytoplanandimplementprograms,whichhasoftenbeencloakedbyalackofempowerment.Communitystructuresconstitutesocialcapital,amuch-neglectedassetthatcanyieldhighdividends.C

3、ommunitydrivendevelopment(CDD)aimstoharnesssocialcapitalandexpanditbystrengtheningincentivesforparticipatorydevelopment.Thisapproachhasalreadyyieldedgoodresultsinmanycountries,inAfricaandothercontinents(seeannexforexamples).Thechallengetodayistoscaleitup

4、tocoverentirecountries.Communitydrivendevelopmentisnotaproject.Itisanapproachthataimstoempowercommunitiesandlocalgovernmentswithresourcesandtheauthoritytousetheseflexibly,thustakingcontroloftheirdevelopment.Thispaperseekstoidentifywaystocreatewell-design

5、ed,field-testedmodelsofCDDthatcanbescaleduprapidly,likeasuccessfulfranchise.THEPROBLEMWeallknowofislandsofsuccessinCDD.Howwonderfuliftheseboutiquescouldbescaleduptocoverentirecountries!Butsofarwehavepreciousfewscaling-upsuccesses.Experiencerevealsfivekey

6、problems:1.TheinstitutionalsettingmaybehostiletoCDD.Thecentralgovernmentmayopposeshiftingpowertothegrassroots.Thelaws/regulationsofnationalgovernments/donorsmaynotallowdisbursementdirectlytocommunities.Thecentralgovernmentmaynotauthorizelocalgovernmentso

7、rcommunitiestoprovideservices(education,primaryhealth)tothemselves,orlevyuserfees/taxes.Ethnic,religious,genderandclasstensionsmayunderminerealparticipationbyall.2.Totaland/orfiscalcostsmaybetoohigh.ThecostperbeneficiarymaybehighbecauseCDDboutiquesrelyon

8、expensivetechnologyandstaff.Boutiquesmayhaveexcessiveoverheadcosts,andpoortransferefficiency:onlyasmallproportionofmoneyreachescommunities.Besides,lackoffiscalresources(includingaid)maypreventscalingup.3.Difficultiesarisin