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1、Concepts,Techniques,andModelsofComputerProgrammingPETERVANROY1Universit´ecatholiquedeLouvain(atLouvain-la-Neuve)SwedishInstituteofComputerScienceSEIFHARIDI2RoyalInstituteofTechnology(KTH)SwedishInstituteofComputerScienceJune5,20031Email:pvr@info.ucl.ac.be,Web:http://w

2、ww.info.ucl.ac.be/~pvr2Email:seif@it.kth.se,Web:http://www.it.kth.se/~seifiiCopyrightc2001-3byP.VanRoyandS.Haridi.Allrightsreserved.ContentsListofFiguresxviListofTablesxxivPrefacexxviiRunningtheexampleprogramsxliiiIIntroduction11IntroductiontoProgrammingConcepts31.1Ac

3、alculator..............................31.2Variables................................41.3Functions...............................41.4Lists..................................61.5Functionsoverlists..........................91.6Correctness..............................111.

4、7Complexity..............................121.8Lazyevaluation............................131.9Higher-orderprogramming......................151.10Concurrency..............................161.11Dataflow................................171.12State...........................

5、.......181.13Objects................................191.14Classes.................................201.15Nondeterminismandtime......................211.16Atomicity...............................231.17Wheredowegofromhere......................241.18Exercises.............

6、...................24IIGeneralComputationModels292DeclarativeComputationModel31Copyrightc2001-3byP.VanRoyandS.Haridi.Allrightsreserved.ivCONTENTS2.1Definingpracticalprogramminglanguages.............332.1.1Languagesyntax.......................332.1.2Languagesemantics...

7、...................382.2Thesingle-assignmentstore.....................442.2.1Declarativevariables.....................442.2.2Valuestore..........................442.2.3Valuecreation.........................452.2.4Variableidentifiers......................462.2.5Valuecre

8、ationwithidentifiers................472.2.6Partialvalues.........................472.2.7Variable-variablebinding.............