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1、FREETRADEUNDERFIREPrincetonUniversityPressPrincetonandOxfordFREETRADEUNDERFIRETHIRDEDITIONDOUGLASA.IRWINCopyright©2009byPrincetonUniversityPressPublishedbyPrincetonUniversityPress,41WilliamStreet,Princeton,NewJersey08540IntheUnitedKingdom:PrincetonUniversityPress,6OxfordStree
2、t,Woodstock,OxfordshireOX201TWAllRightsReservedLibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataIrwin,DouglasA.,1962-Freetradeunderfire/DouglasA.Irwin.—3rded.p.cm.Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.ISBN978-0-691-14315-6(pbk.:alk.paper)1.Freetrade—UnitedStates.2.UnitedState
3、s—Commercialpolicy.3.Globalization.I.Title.HF1756.I682009382.710973—dc222009002285BritishLibraryCataloging-in-PublicationDataisavailableThisbookhasbeencomposedinPrintedonacid-freepaper.∞press.princeton.eduPrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica1357910864210987654321FORJAGDISHBHAGW
4、ATI,CHAMPIONOFTHEMULTILATERALTRADINGSYSTEMThispageintentionallyleftblankContentsListofFiguresixListofTablesxiPrefacexiiiIntroduction11TheUnitedStatesinaNewGlobalEconomy?82TheCaseforFreeTrade:OldTheories,NewEvidence283Protectionism:EconomicCosts,PoliticalBenefits?704Trade,Jobs,
5、andIncomeDistribution1055RelieffromForeignCompetition:AntidumpingandtheEscapeClause1466DevelopingCountriesandOpenMarkets1767TheWorldTradingSystem:TheWTO,TradeDisputes,andRegionalAgreements219viiiContentsConclusion270References279Index307Figures1.1U.S.MerchandiseExportsandImpo
6、rtsasaPercentageofGDP,1869–200891.2U.S.MerchandiseExportsasaShareofGDPandMerchandiseProduction,SelectedYears121.3U.S.TradeinGoodsandServicesasaPercentageofGDP,1960–2008151.4AverageU.S.TariffonTotalandDutiableImports,1869–2007221.5WorldOpiniononInternationalTrade241.6PartisanD
7、ivisioninCongressionalTradeVotes,U.S.HouseofRepresentatives,1890–2007262.1China’sLaborProductivity,RelativetotheUnitedStates,byIndustry,1980and1997362.2Employment-WeightedRelativeProductivityLevel,UnitedStatesandJapan,1990382.3ProducerProtectionandFertilizerUseinAgriculture,2
8、000643.1China’sExportsandImports,1960–2007833.2ExportsandImportsasaS
