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《Harvey， D. (2011). The Future of the Commons.pdf》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在学术论文-天天文库。
1、REFLECTIONSTheFutureoftheCommonsDavidHarveyIhavelostcountofthenumberoftimesIhaveseenGarrettHardin'sclassicarticle,"TheTragedyoftheGommons,"icitedasanirrefutableargumentforthesuperioirrefficiencyofprivatepropertyrightswithrespecttolandandresourceusesa
2、nd,therefore,asanirrefutablejustificationforprivatization.ThismistakenreadinginpartderivesfromHardin'sappealtothemetaphorofcattle,undertheprivateownershipofseveralindividualsconcernedwithmaximizingtheirindividualutilitypasturedonapieceofcommonland.If
3、thecattlewereheldincommon,ofcourse,themetaphorwouldnotwork.Itwouldthenbeclearthatitwasprivatepropertyincattleandindividualutility-maximizingbehaviorthatlayattheheartoftheprob-lem.ButnoneoftbiswasHardin'sfundamentalconcern.Hispreoccupationwaspopulatio
4、ngrowtb.Tbepersonaldecisiontobavechildrenwould,hefeared,leadeventuallytothedestructionoftheglobalcommons(apointtbatTbomasMaltbusalsoargued).Tbeprivate,familialnatureoftbedecisionwastbecrucialproblem.Tbeonlysolution,inhisview,wasauthoritarianregulator
5、ypopulationcontrol.IciteHardin'slogicheretohighlightthewaythatthinkingaboutthecom-monsitselfhasbeenenclosedalltooofteninafartoonarrowsetofpresumptions,largelydrivenbytbeexampleofthelandenclosuresthatoccurredinBritainfromthesixteenthcenturyonward.Asar
6、esult,thinkinghasoftenpolarizedbetweenprivate-propertysolutionsorauthoritarianstateintervention.Fromapoliticalper-spective,thewholeissuehasbeencloudedoverbyagutreactioneitherfororagainstenclosure,typicallylacedwithheftydosesofnostalgiaforaonce-upon-a
7、-time,sup-posedlymoraleconomyofcommonaction.RadicaiHistoryReviewIssue109(Winter2011)DOi10.1215/01636545-2010-017©2011byMARHO:TheRadicalHistorians'Organization,Inc.1O11O2RadicalHistoryReviewElinorOstromseekstodisruptsomeofthepresumptionsinherbook.Gov-
8、erningtheCommons,^inwhichshesystematizestheanthropological,sociological,andhistoricalevidence.Ostromshowsthatindividualscanandoftendodeviseinge-niousandeminentlysensiblewaystomanagecommonpropertyresources(GPR)forindividualandcollectivebenefit.Theseca
