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1、ENERGYTRANSITIONSALSOBYVACLAVSMILChina’sEnergyEnergyintheDevelopingWorldEnergyAnalysisinAgricultureBiomassEnergiesTheBadEarthCarbonNitrogenSulfurEnergyFoodEnvironmentEnergyinChina’sModernizationGeneralEnergeticsChina’sEnvironmentalCrisisGlobalEcologyEnergyinWorldHistoryCyclesofLifeEnergiesFeedin
2、gtheWorldEnrichingtheEarthTheEarth’sBiosphereEnergyattheCrossroadsCreatingthe20thCenturyTransformingthe20thCenturyEnergy:ABeginner’sGuideEnergyinNatureandSocietyOil:ABeginner’sGuideGlobalCatastrophesandTrendsWhyAmericaisNotaNewRomePrimeMoversofGlobalizationENERGYTRANSITIONSHistory,Requirements,P
3、rospectsVaclavSmilCopyright2010byVaclavSmilAllrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,orotherwise,exceptfortheinclusionofbriefquotationsinareview,withoutpriorpermissioninwritin
4、gfromthepublisher.LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataSmil,Vaclav.Energytransitions:history,requirements,prospects/VaclavSmil.p.cm.Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.ISBN978–0–313–38177–5(hardcopy:alk.paper)—ISBN978–0–313–38178–2(ebook)1.Renewableenergysources.2.Powerresources.I
5、.Title.TJ808.S642010333.79—dc222010002985ISBN:978–0–313–38177–5EISBN:978–0–313–38178–2141312111012345ThisbookisalsoavailableontheWorldWideWebasaneBook.Visitwww.abc-clio.comfordetails.PraegerAnImprintofABC-CLIO,LLCABC-CLIO,LLC130CremonaDrive,P.O.Box1911SantaBarbara,California93116-1911Thisbookisp
6、rintedonacid-freepaperManufacturedintheUnitedStatesofAmericaCONTENTSTheBook’sRaisond’eˆtrevii1EnergySystems:TheirBasicProperties1ResourcesandPrimeMovers2ConversionsandUses7InfrastructuresandImpacts12EnergyTransitions172GlobalTransitions:UniversalPatterns25GrandFuelSequence:FromBiomasstoCoalandHy
7、drocarbons26ANewQuality:GenerationofElectricity39HistoryofPrimeMovers:FromMusclestoMachines48QuantifyingtheTransitions:UncertaintiesandTrends613NationalTransitions:CommonalitiesandParticularities75EuropeanExperience:Britain,