资源描述：
《The Hallmarks of Cancer.pdf》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在学术论文-天天文库。
1、Cell,Vol.100,57–70,January7,2000,Copyrightã2000byCellPressTheHallmarksofCancerReviewDouglasHanahan*andRobertA.Weinberg†evolveprogressivelyfromnormalcyviaaseriesofpre-*DepartmentofBiochemistryandBiophysicsandmalignantstatesintoinvasivecancers(Foulds,1954).HormoneResearchInstituteThes
2、eobservationshavebeenrenderedmorecon-UniversityofCaliforniaatSanFranciscocretebyalargebodyofworkindicatingthatthege-SanFrancisco,California94143nomesoftumorcellsareinvariablyalteredatmultiple†WhiteheadInstituteforBiomedicalResearchandsites,havingsuffereddisruptionthroughlesionsassub
3、-DepartmentofBiologytleaspointmutationsandasobviousaschangesinMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologychromosomecomplement(e.g.,KinzlerandVogelstein,Cambridge,Massachusetts021421996).Transformationofculturedcellsisitselfamultistepprocess:rodentcellsrequireatleasttwointro-ducedgeneticchang
4、esbeforetheyacquiretumorigenicAfteraquartercenturyofrapidadvances,cancerre-competence,whiletheirhumancounterpartsaremoresearchhasgeneratedarichandcomplexbodyofknowl-difficulttotransform(Hahnetal.,1999).Transgenicedge,revealingcancertobeadiseaseinvolvingdy-modelsoftumorigenesishavere
5、peatedlysupportedthenamicchangesinthegenome.Thefoundationhasbeenconclusionthattumorigenesisinmiceinvolvesmultiplesetinthediscoveryofmutationsthatproduceonco-rate-limitingsteps(Bergersetal.,1998;seeOncogene,geneswithdominantgainoffunctionandtumorsup-1999,R.DePinhoandT.E.Jacks,volume1
6、8[38],pp.pressorgeneswithrecessivelossoffunction;both5248–5362).Takentogether,observationsofhumanclassesofcancergeneshavebeenidentifiedthroughcancersandanimalmodelsarguethattumordevelop-theiralterationinhumanandanimalcancercellsandmentproceedsviaaprocessformallyanalogoustoDar-bythei
7、relicitationofcancerphenotypesinexperimentalwinianevolution,inwhichasuccessionofgeneticmodels(BishopandWeinberg,1996).changes,eachconferringoneoranothertypeofgrowthSomewouldarguethatthesearchfortheoriginandadvantage,leadstotheprogressiveconversionofnor-treatmentofthisdiseasewillcont
8、inueoverthenextmalh
