资源描述：
《hallmarks_of_cancer.pdf》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在学术论文-天天文库。
1、Cell,Vol.100,57–70,January7,2000,Copyrightã2000byCellPressTheHallmarksofCancerReviewDouglasHanahan*andRobertA.Weinberg†evolveprogressivelyfromnormalcyviaaseriesofpre-*DepartmentofBiochemistryandBiophysicsandmalignantstatesintoinvasivecancers(Foulds,1954).HormoneResearc
2、hInstituteTheseobservationshavebeenrenderedmorecon-UniversityofCaliforniaatSanFranciscocretebyalargebodyofworkindicatingthatthege-SanFrancisco,California94143nomesoftumorcellsareinvariablyalteredatmultiple†WhiteheadInstituteforBiomedicalResearchandsites,havingsufferedd
3、isruptionthroughlesionsassub-DepartmentofBiologytleaspointmutationsandasobviousaschangesinMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologychromosomecomplement(e.g.,KinzlerandVogelstein,Cambridge,Massachusetts021421996).Transformationofculturedcellsisitselfamultistepprocess:rodentcel
4、lsrequireatleasttwointro-ducedgeneticchangesbeforetheyacquiretumorigenicAfteraquartercenturyofrapidadvances,cancerre-competence,whiletheirhumancounterpartsaremoresearchhasgeneratedarichandcomplexbodyofknowl-difficulttotransform(Hahnetal.,1999).Transgenicedge,revealingc
5、ancertobeadiseaseinvolvingdy-modelsoftumorigenesishaverepeatedlysupportedthenamicchangesinthegenome.Thefoundationhasbeenconclusionthattumorigenesisinmiceinvolvesmultiplesetinthediscoveryofmutationsthatproduceonco-rate-limitingsteps(Bergersetal.,1998;seeOncogene,geneswi
6、thdominantgainoffunctionandtumorsup-1999,R.DePinhoandT.E.Jacks,volume18[38],pp.pressorgeneswithrecessivelossoffunction;both5248–5362).Takentogether,observationsofhumanclassesofcancergeneshavebeenidentifiedthroughcancersandanimalmodelsarguethattumordevelop-theiralterati
7、oninhumanandanimalcancercellsandmentproceedsviaaprocessformallyanalogoustoDar-bytheirelicitationofcancerphenotypesinexperimentalwinianevolution,inwhichasuccessionofgeneticmodels(BishopandWeinberg,1996).changes,eachconferringoneoranothertypeofgrowthSomewouldarguethatthe
8、searchfortheoriginandadvantage,leadstotheprogressiveconversionofnor-treatmentofthisdiseasewillcontinueoverthenextmalh
