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1、Publishedin2011byBritannicaEducationalPublishing(atrademarkofEncyclopædiaBritannica,Inc.)inassociationwithRosenEducationalServices,LLC29East21stStreet,NewYork,NY10010.Copyright©2011EncyclopædiaBritannica,Inc.Britannica,EncyclopædiaBritannica,andtheThistlelogoareregisteredtrademarksofEncyclopædia
2、Britannica,Inc.Allrightsreserved.RosenEducationalServicesmaterialscopyright©2011RosenEducationalServices,LLC.Allrightsreserved.DistributedexclusivelybyRosenEducationalServices.ForalistingofadditionalBritannicaEducationalPublishingtitles,calltollfree(800)237-9932.FirstEditionBritannicaEducational
3、PublishingMichaelI.Levy:ExecutiveEditorJ.E.Luebering:SeniorManagerMarilynL.Barton:SeniorCoordinator,ProductionControlStevenBosco:Director,EditorialTechnologiesLisaS.Braucher:SeniorProducerandDataEditorYvetteCharboneau:SeniorCopyEditorKathyNakamura:Manager,MediaAcquisitionKaraRogers:SeniorEditor,
4、BiomedicalSciencesRosenEducationalServicesAlexandraHanson-Harding:SeniorEditorNelsonSá:ArtDirectorCindyReiman:PhotographyManagerMatthewCauli:Designer,CoverDesignIntroductionbyDavidJ.CrerandLibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataBoneandmuscle:structure,force,andmotion/editedbyKaraRogers.—1
5、sted.p.cm.—(Thehumanbody)“InassociationwithBritannicaEducationalPublishing,RosenEducationalServices.”Includesindex.ISBN978-1-61530-249-9(eBook)1.Musculoskeletalsystem.I.Rogers,Kara.QP301.B562010612.7—dc222009043138Onthecover:Thisdigitalcompositeshowsacloseupofamanflexinghisbiceps.Together,bones,
6、suchasthehumerus(upperarmbone),andmuscles,suchasbicepsandtriceps,allowhumanstomoveinwaysbothpowerfulandprecise.AdamGault/DigitalVision/GettyImagesp.12NucleusMedicalArt,Inc./GettyImages;chapteropenerartandpp.246,247,249,250,252©www.istockphoto.com.CONTENTSIntroduction1220Chapter1:HumanSkeletaland
7、MuscleSystems19HumanSkeletalSystem19AxialandVisceralSkeleton21TheAppendicularSkeleton30HumanMuscleSystem35EvolutionaryContext36MusclesoftheLowerLimb37MusclesoftheUpperLimb39MusclesoftheHeadandNeck40MusclesoftheTrunk41Chapter