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1、Publishedin2011byBritannicaEducationalPublishing(atrademarkofEncyclopædiaBritannica,Inc.)inassociationwithRosenEducationalServices,LLC29East21stStreet,NewYork,NY10010.Copyright©2011EncyclopædiaBritannica,Inc.Britannica,EncyclopædiaBritannica,andtheThistlelogoareregi
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5、MatthewCauli:Designer,CoverDesignIntroductionbyJohnStrazzaboscoLibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataTheBritannicaguidetothehistoryofmathematics/editedbyErikGregersen.—1sted.p.cm.—(Mathexplained)“InassociationwithBritannicaEducationalPublishing,RosenEducatio
6、nalServices.”Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.ISBN978-1-61530-221-5(eBook)1.Mathematics—History.I.Gregersen,Erik.II.Title:Historyofmathematics.QA21.B842011510.9—dc222010008356Onthecover:Handswithabacus,anold-fashionedcountingdevice.JedShare/Photodisc/GettyI
7、magesOnpage12:IllustratingPythagoras’stheorem,thisdiagramcomesfromamid-19th-centuryeditionoftheElementsofEuclid,aseminalmulti-bookseriesincorporatingthefindingsofbothmathematicians.SSPLviaGettyImagesOnpage20:ApagefromNewton’sannotatedcopyofElements,Euclid’streatiseo
8、ngeom-etry.HultonArchive/GettyImagesOnpages21,84,182,217,256,282,285,294:ThisdiagramfromNewton’sPrincipiaMathematicaconcernshourlyvariatio