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1、AnIntroductiontoUltrasoundEquipmentandKnobologya,*,TeresaS.Wu,bJ.LuisEnriquez,MDMDKEYWORDSUltrasoundEquipmentKnobologyProbesTransducersDopplerB-modeM-modeKEYPOINTSTheuseofultrasonographyinmedicalpracticehasevolveddramaticallyoverthelastfewdecadesandwillcontinuetoim
2、proveastechnologicaladvancesareincorporatedintodailymedicalpractice.Althoughultrasoundmachinesizeandequipmenthaveevolved,thebasicprinciplesandfundamentalfunctionshaveremainedessentiallythesame.Becomingfamiliarwiththemachineandthecontrolsusedforimagegenerationoptimizesthes
3、cansbeingperformedandenhancestheuseofultrasoundinpatientcare.INTRODUCTIONTheuseofultrasonographyinmedicalpracticehasevolveddramaticallyoverthelastfewdecadesandwillcontinuetoimproveastechnologicaladvancesareincorporatedintodailymedicalpractice.Althoughultrasound(US)machinesi
4、zeandequipmenthavechangedovertime,thebasicprinciplesandfundamentalfunctionshaveremainedessentiallythesame.ThisarticlereviewsthegeneralUSapparatusdesign,themostcommonprobetypesavailable,andthesystemcontrolsusedtomanipulatetheimagesobtained.Adetaileddiscussionofthephysicsinvo
5、lvedinmedicalultraso-nographyispresentedelsewhereinthisissueofCriticalCareClinics.USMACHINESThefundamentalprincipleofultrasonographycanbetracedtoapproximately200yearsagowhenLazzaroSpallanzani,anItalianbiologist,theorizedthatbatsusedecholocationtohuntinthedark.1Duringthelate
6、1800s,theconceptofsoundTheauthorshavenoconflictsofinterestordisclosures.aDepartmentofEmergencyMedicine,MaricopaMedicalCenter,2601EastRooseveltStreet,bPhoenix,AZ85008,USA;EMResidencyProgram,EmergencyMedicine,MaricopaMedicalCenter,UniversityofArizona,CollegeofMedicine-Phoenix
7、,2601EastRooseveltStreet,Phoenix,AZ85008,USA*Correspondingauthor.E-mailaddress:jlenriquez55@yahoo.comCritCareClin30(2014)25–45http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccc.2013.08.006criticalcare.theclinics.com0749-0704/14/$–seefrontmatterÓ2014ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved.26Enriquez&Wuw
8、asexpressedmathematicallybytheEnglishphysicistLordRaleigh.2In1880,thepiezoelectric
