[50] modern applied statistics_with s (4th eidtion 2002) .pdf

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1、ModernAppliedStatisticswithSFourtheditionbyW.N.VenablesandB.D.RipleySpringer(mid2002)Final15March2002PrefaceSisalanguageandenvironmentfordataanalysisoriginallydevelopedatBellLaboratories(ofAT&TandnowLucentTechnologies).Itbecamethestatisti-cianscalculatorforthe1990s,allowingeasyaccesstothecomputi

2、ngpowerandgraphicalcapabilitiesofmodernworkstationsandpersonalcomputers.Variousimplementationshavebeenavailable,currentlyS-PLUS,acommercialsystemfromtheInsightfulCorporation1inSeattle,andR,2anOpenSourcesystemwrit-tenbyateamofvolunteers.BothcanberunonWindowsandarangeofUNIX/Linuxoperatingsystems:R

3、alsorunsonMacintoshes.Thisisthefourtheditionofabookwhichfirstappearedin1994,andtheSenvironmenthasgrownrapidlysince.Thisbookconcentratesonusingthecurrentsystemstodostatistics;thereisacompanionvolume(VenablesandRipley,2000)whichdiscussesprogrammingintheSlanguageinmuchgreaterdepth.Someofthemorespeci

4、alizedfunctionalityoftheSenvironmentiscoveredinon-linecomplements,additionalsectionsandchapterswhichareavailableontheWorldWideWeb.ThedatasetsandSfunctionsthatweusearesuppliedwithmostSenvironmentsandarealsoavailableon-line.Thisisnotatextinstatisticaltheory,butdoescovermodernstatisticalmethod-olog

5、y.Eachchaptersummarizesthemethodsdiscussed,inordertosetoutthenotationandtheprecisemethodimplementedinS.(Itwillhelpifthereaderhasabasicknowledgeofthetopicofthechapter,butseveralchaptershavebeensuc-cessfullyusedforspecializedcoursesinstatisticalmethods.)Ouraimisrathertoshowhowweanalysedatasetsusin

6、gS.IndoingsoweaimtoshowbothhowScanbeusedandhowtheavailabilityofapowerfulandgraphicalsystemhasalteredthewayweapproachdataanalysisandallowspenetratinganalysestobeperformedroutinely.Oncecalculationbecameeasy,thestatisticiansenergiescouldbedevotedtounderstandinghisorherdataset.ThecoreSlanguageisnotv

7、erylarge,butitisquitedifferentfrommostotherstatisticssystems.Wedescribethelanguageinsomedetailinthefirstthreechap-ters,buttheseareprobablybestskimmedatfirstreading.Oncethephilosophyofthelanguageisgrasped,itsconsistencyandlogic