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1、Acc.Chem.Res.2007,40,793800NonaqueousSol–GelRoutestoslightchangesinexperimentalconditionsresultinalteredparticlemorphologies,aseriousissueregardingthe6MetalOxideNanoparticlesreproducibilityofasynthesisprotocol.Furthermore,theas-synthesizedmetaloxidesareoftenamorphous,anditMARKUSNIEDE
2、RBERGER*isdifficulttoretainfullcontroloverthecrystallizationDepartmentofMaterials,ETHZürich,processduringanyadditionalannealingstep.AlltheseWolfgang-Pauli-Strasse10,CH-8093Zürich,SwitzerlandparametersmightbecontrolledwellenoughfortheReceivedOctober27,2006preparationofbulkmetaloxides;t
3、hey,however,representabigchallengeinthecaseofnanoparticlesynthesis.ABSTRACTNonaqueous(ornonhydrolytic)solgelprocessesinSolgelroutestometaloxidenanoparticlesinorganicsolventsorganicsolventsunderexclusionofwaterareabletounderexclusionofwaterhavebecomeaversatilealternativetoaqueousmetho
4、ds.Incomparisontothecomplexaqueouschem-overcomesomeofthemajorlimitationsofaqueousistry,nonaqueousprocessesofferthepossibilityofbetterunder-systems.Theadvantagesarecloselyrelatedtothemani-standingandcontrollingthereactionpathwaysonamolecularfoldroleoftheorganiccomponentsinthereactionl
5、evel,enablingthesynthesisofnanomaterialswithhighcrystallinitymixture.Theynotonlyactastheoxygen-supplyingagentandwell-definedanduniformparticlemorphologies.Theorganiccomponentsstronglyinfluencethecomposition,size,shape,andforthemetaloxidebutalsostronglyinfluenceparticlesize,surfaceproper
6、tiesoftheinorganicproduct,underliningtheshape,surfaceandassemblyproperties,and,inselecteddemandtounderstandtheroleoftheorganicspeciesatallstagescases,evencompositionandcrystalstructure.Theslowoftheseprocessesforthedevelopmentofarationalsynthesisreactionrates,mainlyaconsequenceofthemo
7、deratestrategyforinorganicnanomaterials.reactivityoftheCObond,incombinationwiththestabilizingeffectoftheorganicspeciesleadtotheforma-tionofhighlycrystallineproductsthatareoftencharac-1.IntroductionterizedbyuniformparticlemorphologiesandcrystalliteWithinthebroadfamilyoffunctionalmater
8、ials,metalsi
