Fluoride metabolism and fluorosis

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1、JournalofDentistry(2005)33,177–186www.intl.elsevierhealth.com/journals/jdenFluoridemetabolismandfluorosisDeirdreBrowne*,HelenWhelton,DenisO’MullaneOralHealthServicesResearchCentre,UniversityDentalSchool,Wilton,Cork,IrelandReceived1October2004KEYWORDSSummaryObjectives.Thispaperisprimarilyconcernedwi

2、ththeonlyprovenriskCaries;associatedwithwaterfluoridation:enamelfluorosis.ItspurposeistoreviewcurrentFluoride;methodsofmeasuringenamelfluorosis,itsaetiologyandmetabolism.AfurtherFluorosis;objectiveistoidentifyriskfactorstoreducetheprevalenceofenamelfluorosisandFluoridation;employmethodstomanagesuchris

3、kfactors.Toothpaste;Data.TheprevalenceofenamelfluorosisisincreasinginIrelandandinter-Infantformulanationally.Acriticalperiodhasbeenidentifiedatwhichteetharemostatriskofdevelopingenamelfluorosis:15–24monthsofageformalesand21–30monthsofageforfemales.Thedataincludedtookthesetwofactorsintoaccount.Source.

4、Athoroughnarrativereviewofpublishedliteraturewasconductedtoidentifystudiesconcerningtheaetiologyandmetabolismofenamelfluorosis.Riskfactorsforfluorosiswereidentifiedfromthesestudies.Studyselection.Asitisthepre-eruptivephaseofenameldevelopmentwhichrepresentsthegreatestrisktodevelopingenamelfluorosis,stu

5、diesexaminingsourcesoffluorideingestionforyoungchildrenwereselected.Theseincludedstudiesoningestionoffluoridetoothpastebyyoungchildren,fluoridesupplementationandinfantformulareconstitutedwithfluoridatedwater.Conclusions.Thereisevidencethattheageatwhichtoothbrushingwithfluoridetoothpastesiscommencedandt

6、heamountoffluorideplacedonthebrushareimportantriskfactorsintheincidenceofdentalfluorosis.Itisrecommendedthatbrushingshouldnotcommenceuntiltheageof2andthatapea-sizedamount(0.25g)oftoothpasteshouldbeplacedonthebrush.q2004ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.1,2Introductionfourcommunitieswasadjusted.Eachstudy

7、wasdesignedtobeof10-yeardurationbutafter5yearsThebenefitsofwaterfluoridationincontrollingitbecamesoapparentthatthetrialcitieswoulddentalcariesarewelldocumented.Fluoridewasduplicatethecariesreductionsseenincitiesoffi