材料导论总结

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1、模块22-48•Solution:Ahomogeneousmixtureofchemicallydistinetsubstancesthatformsaphase相•Solvent溶剂：thesubstaneepresentinthegreateramount.•Solute溶质：thesubstaneepresentinthelesseramount•Mixture"昆合物：Amaterialthathasnofixedcompositionandcontainsmorethanonephase•Alloy合金：acombinationofametalandone

2、ormoreotherelementsformingeitheramixtureorasolidsolution.•Plasticalloy塑$4合金：blendsofpolymersorcopolymerswithotherpolymersorelastomers・•Diffusion:1.Thetransportofatomsthroughmatter.2.Theintermingling"昆合物insolidmaterialsofatoms(inmetals),ions(inceramics),ormolecules(inpolymers).•Prerequi

3、sitesfordiffusiontooccur:l・Adjacentsiteneedstobeempty(vacancy空位orinterstitial空隙).2・Sufficientenergymustbeavailabletobreakbondsandovercomelatticedistortion•51.DiffusionFASTERfor..・•opencrystalstructures•lowerdensitymaterials•materialsw/secondarybonding•lowermeltingTmaterials•smallerdiff

4、usingatoms•Diffusionisaffectedby:Microstructureofsolids,Temperature,Time•58.l.Anabundanceoflinedefects(dislocations)strengthenthematerials(Mutualinterfereneeintheirmovementthroughcrystalpreventstheplanesofatomsfromslipping)2.ThepreseneeofafewdislocationincreasetheductilityofacrystalIin

5、esolid・•62.Pointdefects点缺陷•1or2atompositions•Affectonlythesmallvolumeofthecrystalsurroundingasinglelatticesite.•Dislocation：Alineararrayofatomsalongwhichthereissomeimperfect!oninthebondingoftheatoms•Areadefect：existintheformofgrainboundaries(晶粒边界)模块3•1.-Chemicalpropertiesareassociatedw

6、iththetransformationofonematerialintoanother.一Physicalpropertiesinvolvenochangeinthecompositionofthematerial.一Mechanicalpropertiesaredefinedasameasureofamaterial'sabilitytocarryorresistmechanicalforcesorstresses・Mechanicalpropertiesofamaterialaffecthowthematerialcanbeworked・•Elasticdef

7、ormation:l・Metalreturnstoitsoriginaldimensionaftertensileforceisremoved・•Plasticdeformation:Themetalisdeformedtosuchanextentsuchthatitcannotreturntoitsoriginaldimension.、•Elasticdeformation弹性形变:Ifthematerialreverts返回backtoitsnormalsizeandshapeuponremovaloftheload载荷•Plasticdeformation