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1、Vol452j20March2008jdoi:10.1038/nature06599REVIEWSScienceandtechnologyforwaterpurificationinthecomingdecades1,41,21,31,41,5MarkA.Shannon,PaulW.Bohn,MenachemElimelech,JohnG.Georgiadis,BenitoJ.Marin˜as1,6&AnneM.MayesOneofthemostpervasiveproblemsafflictingpeoplethroughouttheworldisinadequate
2、accesstocleanwaterandsanitation.Problemswithwaterareexpectedtogrowworseinthecomingdecades,withwaterscarcityoccurringglobally,eveninregionscurrentlyconsideredwater-rich.Addressingtheseproblemscallsoutforatremendousamountofresearchtobeconductedtoidentifyrobustnewmethodsofpurifyingwateratlo
3、wercostandwithlessenergy,whileatthesametimeminimizingtheuseofchemicalsandimpactontheenvironment.Herewehighlightsomeofthescienceandtechnologybeingdevelopedtoimprovethedisinfectionanddecontaminationofwater,aswellaseffortstoincreasewatersuppliesthroughthesafere-useofwastewaterandefficientde
4、salinationofseaandbrackishwater.6,7hemanyproblemsworldwideassociatedwiththelackoffromreductionsinsnowmeltand/orlossofglaciers.Inthecomingclean,freshwaterarewellknown:1.2billionpeoplelackdecades,waterscarcitymaybeawatchwordthatpromptsactionTaccesstosafedrinkingwater,2.6billionhavelittleor
5、norangingfromwholesalepopulationmigrationtowar,unlessnewwayssanitation,millionsofpeopledieannually—3,900childrentosupplycleanwaterarefound.aday—fromdiseasestransmittedthroughunsafewaterorhumanFortunately,arecentflurryofactivityinwatertreatmentresearch1excreta.Countlessmorearesickenedfrom
6、diseaseandcontamina-offershopeinmitigatingtheimpactofimpairedwatersaroundthetion.Intestinalparasiticinfectionsanddiarrhealdiseasescausedbyworld.Conventionalmethodsofwaterdisinfection,decontaminationwaterbornebacteriaandentericviruseshavebecomealeadingcauseanddesalinationcanaddressmanyoft
7、heseproblemswithqualityandofmalnutritionowingtopoordigestionofthefoodeatenbypeoplesupply.However,thesetreatmentmethodsareoftenchemically,ener-2,3sickenedbywater.Inbothdevelopingandindustrializednations,ageticallyandoperationallyintensive,focusedonlargesystems,andgrowingnu
