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1、ScienceandTechnologyByJudithRaughman[1]Optimismandempowerment.Asthecenturydrewtoaclose,thepotentialforhumaninventionandunderstandingappearedboundless.Scientificunderstandingexpandeddaily,fromthefundamentalbuildingblocksofmattertothesourcecodeofalllifetotheorigins
2、,andperhapstheeventualdemise,oftheuniverse.Thetechnologicaladvancesofthe1990susheredinwhatappearedtobeasocialandeconomicrevolutionthatwouldrivaltheIndustrialRevolutiontwocenturiesearlier,creatinganewsocietyoftechnologicallyconnectedcitizenswithaworldofdigitizedin
3、formation,commerce,andcommunicationatitsfingertips.Thenew"DigitalAge",representedbythe"InformationSuperhighway"wasnotall-inclusive,threatenedtoleavemanybehind,includingoldercitizensandthosewhocouldnotaffordthenewtechnology.Still,by1999morethanthree-quartersoftheU
4、.S.populationwas"pluggedin"tothenewdigitalsociety,andmostAmericansfeltthattechnologicaladvanceswereimprovingtheirqualityoflife.Optimismwasthereigningtoneofthedecade.Newadvancesinscienceandtechnologyseemedtopromiseeventualsolutionstoproblemsrangingfromeliminatingt
5、oxicwastetogroceryshopping—geneticengineersdevelopedmicrobesthatwouldeatindustrialsludgeandresearchersattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology's(MIT)MediaLabworkedtodevisearefrigeratorthatcouldsensewhenitwasoutofmilkandusetheInternettoordermore.The1990sallayedthef
6、earthatatechnologicallyadvancedsocietywasnecessarilyheavilycentralized,withBigBrotherwatchingeverymove.Instead,withthecreationoftheInternetandtheWorldWideWeb,andtheiremphasisondecentralization,equality,andtheopensharingofresources,manyindividualsfoundthatgreatera
7、ccesstoinformationincreasedtheirsenseofpersonalfreedomandpower.[2]EthicsandtheNatural.Withtheexplosionofknowledgecamepublicconcernoverwhereallofthesenewdiscoveriesandtechnologiesmightbetakingsociety.Thecloningofananimalin1997suggestedthathumancloninghadbecomeviab
8、leaswell,raisingconcerns—nolongerquitetheoretical—thathumanitymightbemovingtowarda"bravenewworld"ofgeneticallyengineeredpeople.TheHumanGenomeProject,launchedin
