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1、TheNatureofManandOtherEssaysAbuHamidAl-GhazaliTranslatedbySyedNawabAliTheNatureofManandOtherEssaysAl-Ghazali,AbuHamidTranslatedin1921aspartofSomeReligiousandMoralTeachings.TheNatureofManandOtherEssaysTheNatureofMan[1]Thoughmanshareswiththeotheranimalsexternaland
2、internalsenses,heisatthesametimealsoendowedwithtwoqualitiespeculiartohimself,knowledgeandwill.Byknowledgeismeantthepowerofgeneralisation,theconceptionofabstractideas,andthepossessionofintellectualtruths.Bywillismeantthatstrongdesiretoacquireanobjectwhichafterdue
3、considerationofitsconsequenceshasbeenpronouncedbyreasontobegood.Itisquitedifferentfromanimaldesire,nay,itisoftentheveryoppositeofit.Inthebeginningchildrenalsolackthesetwoqualities.Theyhavepassion,anger,andalltheexternalandinternalsenses,butwillfindsitsexpression
4、onlylater.Knowledgediffersaccordingtothecapacityforit,accordingtothelatentpowersinaman.HencethereisavarietyofstagesamongstProphets,[2]theUlamas,theSufisandthePhilosophers.Furtherprogressispossibleevenbeyondthesestages,fordivineknowledgeknowsnobounds.Thehighestst
5、ageisreachedbyonetowhomalltruthsandrealitiesarerevealedintuitively,whobyvirtueofhisexaltedpositionenjoysdirectcommunionandcloserelationwiththeMostHoly.Therealnatureofthispositionisknownonlytohimwhoenjoysit.Weverifyitbyfaith.Achildhasnoknowledgeoftheattainmentsof
6、anadult;anadultisnotawareoftheacquisitionsofalearnedman.Similarly,alearnedmanisnotcogniscantoftheholycommunionofthesaintsandtheprophets,andofthefavoursbestowedonthem.Althoughthedivineblessingsdescendfreely,thosearefitrecipientsofthem,whoseheartsarepureandwhollyd
7、evotedtoHim.“Verily,“saystheHadis,thedesireofthevirtuousistoholdcommunionwithme,andIlongtolookatthem“.“Hewhoapproachesmeaspan,Iapproachhimanarm“.[3]Thedivinefavoursarenotwithheld,butheartsbedimmedbyimpurityfailtoreceivethem.“Haditnotbeenthatthedevilshoverroundth
8、eheartsofmen,theywouldhaveseenthegloriesoftheKingdomoftheHeaven“.[4]Thesuperiorityofmanconsiststhusinhisbeingcogniscantofdivineattributesandactions.Thereinlieshisperf
