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1、·.FINITEandINFINITEGAMESAVisionofLifeasPlayandPossibilityJAMESP.C.A<:R'.'SEFINITEANDINFINITEGAMESJAMESP.CARSEIffilTHEFREEPRESSADivisionofMacmillan,Inc.NewYorkCopyright©1986byJamesP.CarseAllrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electroni
2、cormechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,orbyanyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthePublisher.TheFreePressADivisionofMacmillan,Inc.866ThirdAvenue,NewYork,NY10022CollierMacmillanCanada,Inc.LibraryofCongressCatalogCardNumber:86-14304Printedin
3、theUnitedStatesofAmericaLibraryorCongressCataloglng-In-PubllcatlonDataCarse,JamesP.Finiteandinfinitegames.Includesindex.1.Life.2.Games-Symbolicaspects.3.Religion.4.Philosophy.I.Title.BD431.C297198611086-14304ISBN0-02-905980-1ThisbookisdedicatedtoAlisa,Keene,andlamie,ofcourse.CON
4、TENTSONE:ThereAreatLeastTwoKindsofGamesTWO:NoOneCanPlayaGameAlone35THREE:IAmtheGeniusofMyself65FOUR:AFiniteGameOccursWithinaWorld87FIVE:NatureIstheRealmoftheUnspeakable97SIX:WeControlNatureforSocietalReasons115SEVEN:MythProvokesExplanation137butAcceptsNoneofItIndex151ONETHEREARE
5、ATLEASTTwoKINDSOfGAMES1THEREAREatleasttwokindsofgames.Onecouldbecalledfinite,theotherinfinite.Afinitegameisplayedforthepurposeofwinning,aninfinitegameforthepurposeofcontinuingtheplay.2Ifafinitegameistobewonbysomeoneitmustcometoadefinitiveend.Itwillcometoanendwhensomeonehaswon.We
6、knowthatsomeonehaswonthegamewhenalltheplayershaveagreedwhoamongthemisthewinner.Nootherconditionthantheagreementoftheplayersisabsolutelyre•quiredindeterminingwhohaswonthegame.Itmayappearthattheapprovalofthespectators,orthereferees,isalsorequiredinthedeterminationofthewinner.Howev
7、er,itissimplythecasethatiftheplayersdonotagreeonawinner,thegamehasnotcometoadecisiveconclusion•andtheplayershavenotsatisfiedtheoriginalpurposeofplay•ing.Eveniftheyarecarriedfromthefieldandforciblyblockedfromfurtherplay,theywillnotconsiderthegameended.FINITEANDINFINITEGAMESSuppos
8、etheplayersallagree,butthespectatorsandtherefer
