self-similarity in world wide web traffic evidence and possible causes

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1、IEEE/ACMTRANSACTIONSONNETWORKING,VOL.5,NO.6,DECEMBER1997835Self-SimilarityinWorldWideWebTraffic:EvidenceandPossibleCausesMarkE.Crovella,Member,IEEE,andAzerBestavros,Member,IEEEAbstractÐRecently,thenotionofself-similarityhasbeenshownvaluesatanyinstantaretypicallynonnegligiblypositivelytoap

2、plytowide-areaandlocal-areanetworktraffic.Inthispaper,correlatedwithvaluesatallfutureinstants.Surprisingly(givenweshowevidencethatthesubsetofnetworktrafficthatisduetothecounterintuitiveaspectsoflong-rangedependence),theWorldWideWeb(WWW)transferscanshowcharacteristicsthatareconsistentwithse

3、lf-similarity,andwepresentahypothesizedself-similarityofEthernetnetworktraffichasbeenrigorouslyexplanationforthatself-similarity.Usingasetoftracesofactualestablished[14].Theimportanceoflong-rangedependenceinuserexecutionsofNCSAMosaic,weexaminethedependencenetworktrafficisbeginningtobeobser

4、vedinstudiessuchasstructureofWWWtraffic.First,weshowevidencethatWWW[8],[13],[18],whichshowthatpacketlossanddelaybehaviortrafficexhibitsbehaviorthatisconsistentwithself-similartrafficareradicallydifferentwhensimulationsuseeitherrealtrafficmodels.Thenweshowthattheself-similarityinsuchtrafficcan

5、beexplainedbasedontheunderlyingdistributionsofWWWdataorsyntheticdatathatincorporatelong-rangedependence.documentsizes,theeffectsofcachinganduserpreferenceinfileHowever,thereasonsbehindself-similarityinInternettraf-transfer,theeffectofuserªthinktime,ºandthesuperimpositionfichavenotbeenclear

6、lyidentified.Inthispaper,weshowofmanysuchtransfersinalocal-areanetwork.Todothis,wethatinsomecases,self-similarityinnetworktrafficcanberelyonempiricallymeasureddistributionsbothfromclienttracesandfromdataindependentlycollectedatWWWservers.explainedintermsoffilesystemcharacteristicsanduserbeh

7、avior.Intheprocess,wetracethegenesisofself-similarityIndexTermsÐFilesizes,heavytails,Internet,self-similarity,innetworktrafficbackfromthetrafficitself,throughtheWorldWideWeb.actionsoffiletransmission,cachingsystems,anduserchoice,tothehigh-leveldistributionsoffilesizesandusere