[大英百科全书指南丛书].The.Britannica.Guide.to.Inventions.that.Changed.the.Modern.World

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1、Publishedin2010byBritannicaEducationalPublishing(atrademarkofEncyclopædiaBritannica,Inc.)inassociationwithRosenEducationalServices,LLC29East21stStreet,NewYork,NY10010.Copyright©2010EncyclopædiaBritannica,Inc.Britannica,EncyclopædiaBritannica,andtheThistlelogoareregisteredtrademarksofEncyc

2、lopædiaBritannica,Inc.Allrightsreserved.RosenEducationalServicesmaterialscopyright©2010RosenEducationalServices,LLC.Allrightsreserved.DistributedexclusivelybyRosenEducationalServices.ForalistingofadditionalBritannicaEducationalPublishingtitles,calltollfree(800)237-9932.FirstEditionBritann

3、icaEducationalPublishingMichaelI.Levy:ExecutiveEditorMarilynL.Barton:SeniorCoordinator,ProductionControlStevenBosco:Director,EditorialTechnologiesLisaS.Braucher:SeniorProducerandDataEditorYvetteCharboneau:SeniorCopyEditorKathyNakamura:Manager,MediaAcquisitionRobertCurley:Manager,Sciencean

4、dTechnologyRosenEducationalServicesJeanneNagle:SeniorEditorNelsonSá:ArtDirectorMatthewCauli:DesignerIntroductionbyJeriFreedmanLibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataTheBritannicaguidetoinventionsthatchangedthemodernworld/editedbyRobertCurley.—1sted.p.cm.—Turningpointsinhistory)“Ina

5、ssociationwithBritannicaEducationalPublishing,RosenEducationalServices.”ISBN978-1-61530-064-8(eBook)1.Inventions—History.2.Technology—History.I.Curley,Robert,1955–II.Title:Guidetoinventionsthatchangedthemodernworld.T15.B68272010609—dc222009037539Onthecover:Windturbines,likethesenearPalmSp

6、rings,Calif.,arejustoneofseveralinventionsthathavechangedenergygenerationandconsumptionaroundtheworld.DavidMcNew/GettyImagesCONTENTSIntroduction12Chapter1:Communication21Cuneiform21OriginsinSumaria21AkkadianCuneiform23ThePapyrusScroll25InAncientEgypt25InAncientGreece27ThePapyrusPlant28The

7、GreekandLatinAlphabets29TheGreekAlphabet29TheLatinAlphabet32ParchmentandVellum34TheCodex36Paper3756ThePrintingPress40OriginsinChina40ReinventioninEurope42TheGutenbergBible44Photography46Antecedents47Heliography48Daguerreotype49GeorgeEastman50TheTelegraph51Preelectri