the costs of water：水的成本

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1、TheCostsofWaterTHECOSTSOFWATER(WATERPOLICY)CCscript8/26/2004(birdschirping)[LarryMcKinney]WhenpeoplefirstcametoTexasreallywaterdefinedTexans.ThefirstpeoplegatheredaroundComalSpringsSanMarcosSpringsandBalmorhea,sothewholelandscapeandthewaterinitdefinedTe

2、xas.(rumblingofdam)[LarryMcKinney]Today,that'sflippingaround.TexansarebeginningtodefineTexasthroughwater.Andwe'regettingtothepointnowwherewecananditisnecessaryforustomanipulateourwatersupplies;tomoveitfromonebasintotheother,tobuilddamstocaptureit,thatwe

3、'reredefiningourentirelandscape.[narrator]Duringthisperiodoftransformation,basicTexaswaterpolicyhaschangedverylittle.Whathaschangedistheflowandcostofwater.(waterflowing)[narrator]EarlyTexaswascrisscrossedwithfreeflowingriversandmeanderingcreeks.Peoplese

4、ttlednearwaterandtookwhattheyneededwithoutcharge.Butbytheturnofthecenturyitbecameclearwaterwasalimitedresource.Thestatelegislaturedeclaredriversandstreamsthepropertyofthestateandbeganrequiringcitizenstofilefortherighttousethatwater.[WilliamLehrer]TheGar

5、woodirrigationis,waterrightis98yearsoldbecausefourmenfiledacertifiedfilingonNovember1,1900.[narrator]TheGarwoodIrrigationDistrict,distributingwatertoricefarmersontheColoradoRiver,hasoneoftheoldestwaterrightsinthestate.Theyboughtitin1914fromtheoriginalfi

6、lersforthesumof$10.00.TodayitisworthmillionsbecauseofonesimplephraseinTexaswaterpolicy,'Firstintime,firstinright.'Thatmeanstheowneroftheoldestwaterrightisthefirsttogethiswater.That'savaluablestatusduringdroughtyears,whentheremaynotbeenoughtogoaround.But

7、rightshaveonlybeenestablishedforsurfacewater.Undergroundwaterisavailablewithoutpermitsandcanbetakenby'ruleofcapture.''Ruleofcapture'allowsalandownertopumpasmuchwateroutofthegroundashecanfromhisownland.Buttherearenopropertylinesundergroundandlandownersof

8、tenpullwaterfromunderneathneighboringpropertiesseveralmilesaway.[LarryMcKinney]RuleofcaptureisagreatTexasconcept,basicallyit's'hewiththebiggeststrawwins.'Ifyougetabiggerstrawunderyourlandyoucansuckasmuchoutasyouwantto.Thatworkedf