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1、Increasedcompetitivenessinallindustrialsectorssharpenedbyglobalizationandfallofglobalsupplyisforcingcompaniestowardsoptimizationoftheirbusinessprocessesandnewwaysofmergersorpartnershipswithdirectresultsindecreasedbusinesscosts.Withthesestrategicalliancesnewmanagemen
2、tstrategiesareformedasClusters,SupplyChainManagement(SCM),E-logistics,etc.Someauthorsaremakingreferencesthatlogisticare“worth”10%to12%ofGDP(Sahay,2003).AccordingtoAMRresearch(Challenger,2001),E-logisticshasapotentialofloweringcostsby10%.Onbasicsofthesetworeferencesw
3、ecanconcludethatE-logisticscansaveourmoneyforasmuchas1.2%ofGDP.ThereforeitisnotsurprisedthatinlastfewyearsinhigheffectivecompaniesasHewlett-Packard,Compaq,DigitalEquipmentCorporation,Xerox,DellandBenettonGrouptopmanagementisfavorabletoSupplyChainandthereforeE-logist
4、ics(Romano,2003).Thereiscollectionofliteratureindicatingtheimportanceofclustersandnetworksnotonlybetweenfirms,butalongthevaluechainandacrossindustries.Thenetworksinherentintheseclustersareintegralforknowledgegenerationanddiffusion,fortechnologytransfer,forsharingris
5、kandcosts,forallowingfirmstoaccessnewmarketsandopportunitiesand,finally,forbuildingcomparativeadvantageintheglobalmarket.Porter(Porter,1990)definesclustersasgeographicconcentrationsofinterconnectedcompanies,specializedsuppliers,serviceproviders,firmsinrelatedindustr
6、ies,andassociatedinstitutions.Heproposedamodelthatprovidesconditionsthathavetobemetforafirmtobeinternationallycompetitiveandsuccessful.Thismodelfocusesonfourprimaryconditionswhichhearrangedinadiamond-shapeddiagram: factorconditions,demandconditions,structuresoffirms
7、andrivalryandrelatedandsupportingindustries. The"RelatedandSupportingIndustries"featureofthediamonddenotestheimportanceofclusteringindevelopinginternationalcompetitiveadvantageincorporatingtwofeaturesofahealthycluster: thepresenceofverticalsupportthroughinternationa
8、llycompetitivesupplierindustrieswhichensurecost-effectiveandspeedydeliveries;andthepresenceofhorizontalsupportininternationallycompetitive
